Studies on the non-specific esterases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae : a thesis in partial fulfillment [sic.] of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Microbiology at Massey University

Twenty wine-making and three laboratory strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined for non-specific esterases by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. All wine-making strains contained the fast alleles of the Est 1 and Est 2 loci, confirming there is a selective advantage for the Est 1f and Est 2f genes in these strains. Only one wine-making strain carried the Est 3 and Est 4 genes, which was a much lower frequency than that published. The three laboratory strains all contained the Est 1f and Est 2s genes. A new non-specific esterase band, labelled Est 5, was identified by using a modified staining technique, which was apparently of low molecular weight as it travelled with the tracking dye front. Fast and slow alleles of Est 1 and Est 2 were determined to be charge allozymes. Est 2 proteins were considered to be polymeric, probably dimeric, and the Est 1 proteins to undergo post-translational modification. Difficulty in resolving the Est 4 band was overcome by adding Triton X-100 to cell suspensions before disruption, indicating this esterase protein may be particulate bound. Molecular weights were determined by Ferguson Plots to be 51,000 ± 10,000 daltons (Est 2), 60.000 ± 12,000 daltons (Est 3), 73,000 ± 15,000 daltons (Est l), and 113,000 ± 23,000 daltons (Est 4). No isolates of S. cerevisiae for comparison of allele frequencies could be made from mature locally-grown grapes, indicating that this species is rare in the New Zealand environment, which is in accordance with published studies. No "inducible" non-specific esterases were found in strains examined at different stages in the life cycle, or by growth in different media. The level of esterase activity in cells increased throughout aerobic growth in liquid media, but was quickly lost during fermentation. Esterase activity during sporulation also decreased. A non-specific esterase mutant was induced by ethyl methane-sulfonate and detected by the hydrolysis of α-naphthyl acetate incorporated into solid medium. This mutant lost expression of both Est If and Est 2s , as did subsequent mutants produced by hybridisation. Segregation of esterase-deficient to esterase-proficient spores after hybridisation, showed that two unlinked loci were involved in esterase suppression, both genes being unlinked to ade 1, Est 1 and mating type locus MAT. It is hypothesised these genes are a suppressor (SUP) and a mutated regulator (Reg Est− ). Gas Liquid Chromatography was used to quantitatively determine volatile ester concentrations produced during fermentation. Selected wine-making strains and diploid strains produced by micromanipulation and having different non-specific esterase compositions were fermented to the limit of their ethanol tolerance in Reisling Sylvaner grape juice and Complete Defined Medium. Ethyl acetate, ethyl propanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, ethyl dodecanoate, 2-phenethyl acetate, n-hexyl acetate and iso-pentyl acetate were all quantitated. A maximum error of ±30% was determined for differences in ester concentration between two fermentations using the same strain. Correction for differences in fermentation ability by different strains was attempted, and the resulting ester concentrations compared qualitatively. Results indicate that differences in volatile ester concentrations between strains are not due to the esterase composition. The non-specific esterases probably have little if any influence on wine bouquet as the majority of ester production is late in fermentation when esterase activity has ceased

Liability of Accountants for Proxy Violations—The Appropriate Standard of Culpability—Adams v. Standard Knitting Mills, Inc., 623 F.2d 422 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1067 (1980)

This note will first examine whether in fact accountants can be held primarily liable for proxy violations. Concluding that they can, the note will scrutinize the court\u27s opinion to determine whether it requires scienter for all primary violators or only for accountants. The court\u27s rationale suggests that the court intended to apply a uniform standard of culpability. This note will then compare the court\u27s reasoning with the reasoning that led courts in two other circuits to choose, at least in some cases, negligence as the standard for primary violators. The comparison will show negligence to be the more appropriate minimum standard under the policies of section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and SEC rule 14a-9. Finally, this note concludes that a uniform standard of culpability cannot equitably be applied to the wide range of potential defendants and that perhaps the Adams court reached its holding by implicitly applying a flexible-duty standard. This would justify requiring scienter for accountants, but negligence for other, more central participants in proxy violations. Alternatively, the court\u27s result could be justified on an aiding and abetting theory without finding an accountant primarily liable under the statute

Liability of Accountants for Proxy Violations—The Appropriate Standard of Culpability—\u3ci\u3eAdams v. Standard Knitting Mills, Inc.\u3c/i\u3e, 623 F.2d 422 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1067 (1980)

This note will first examine whether in fact accountants can be held primarily liable for proxy violations. Concluding that they can, the note will scrutinize the court\u27s opinion to determine whether it requires scienter for all primary violators or only for accountants. The court\u27s rationale suggests that the court intended to apply a uniform standard of culpability. This note will then compare the court\u27s reasoning with the reasoning that led courts in two other circuits to choose, at least in some cases, negligence as the standard for primary violators. The comparison will show negligence to be the more appropriate minimum standard under the policies of section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and SEC rule 14a-9. Finally, this note concludes that a uniform standard of culpability cannot equitably be applied to the wide range of potential defendants and that perhaps the Adams court reached its holding by implicitly applying a flexible-duty standard. This would justify requiring scienter for accountants, but negligence for other, more central participants in proxy violations. Alternatively, the court\u27s result could be justified on an aiding and abetting theory without finding an accountant primarily liable under the statute

Alien Registration- Dick, Joan (Newport, Penobscot County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/8157/thumbnail.jp

A parent-targeted group intervention for pediatric pain delivered in-person or virtually:feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness

OBJECTIVES: Parents play integral roles in their youth's chronic pain and can experience elevated distress related to caregiving. This study examined a cognitive-behavior therapy-based parent-targeted group intervention, including understudied/novel resilience/risk (eg, distress, parenting self-regulation), and compared the effect of in-person versus virtual delivery format. HYPOTHESES: (1) Adequate feasibility and acceptability (enrolment&gt;33%, attendance &gt;60%, attrition &lt;25%, satisfaction ratings &gt;90%), with higher indicators of feasibility in the virtual groups; (2) Significant improvements in parent psychological flexibility, protectiveness, distress, and parenting self-regulation at posttreatment that were maintained at follow-up, with no difference between delivery type. METHODS: Parents were enroled from an outpatient pediatric chronic pain clinic and participated in the group intervention in-person or virtually; questionnaires were completed at baseline, posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: Enrolment (55% in-person, 65% virtual) and attendance (86% in-person, 93% virtual) were higher, and attrition was lower than expected (4% in-person, 7% virtual). Satisfaction was high (4.95/5 in-person, 4.85/5 virtual); on written feedback, parents enjoyed connecting with other parents (27/56, 48%) the most. The least preferred were the virtual format (5/36, 14%) and timing of the group (6/52, 12%). There were no differences between delivery formats in feasibility/acceptability. The intervention significantly improved parents' psychological flexibility, protectiveness, distress, and parenting self-regulation over time. A small group difference favored the in-person format for psychological flexibility, and an interaction effect for parenting self-regulation was found. DISCUSSION: This standalone parent-targeted group intervention had positive effects on parent outcomes delivered either in-person or virtually.</p

The cyclical relation between chronic pain, executive functioning, emotional regulation and self-management

This work was supported by the Royal Society of Edinburgh Sabbatical Research Grant 2019 (award ID number 58916) granted to LC.Peer reviewedPostprin

Symptom Burden, Medication Detriment, and Support for the Use of the 15D Health-Related Quality of Life Instrument in a Chronic Pain Clinic Population

Chronic noncancer pain is a prevalent problem associated with poor quality of life. While symptom burden is frequently mentioned in the literature and clinical settings, this research highlights the considerable negative impact of chronic pain on the individual. The 15D, a measure of health-related quality of life (HRQOL), is a user-friendly tool with good psychometric properties. Using a modified edmonton symptom assessment scale (ESAS), we examined whether demographics, medical history, and symptom burden reports from the ESAS would be related statistically to HRQOL measured with the 15D. Symptom burden, medication detriment scores, and number of medical comorbidities were significant negative predictors of 15D scores with ESAS symptom burden being the strongest predictor. Our findings highlight the tremendous symptom burden experienced in our sample. Our data suggest that heavier prescription medication treatment for chronic pain has the potential to negatively impact HRQOL. Much remains unknown regarding how to assess and improve HRQOL in this relatively heterogeneous clinical population