Practical sand transport formula for non-breaking waves and currents

Open Access funded by Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Under a Creative Commons license Acknowledgements This work is part of the SANTOSS project (‘SANd Transport in OScillatory flows in the Sheet-flow regime’) funded by the UK's EPSRC (GR/T28089/01) and STW in The Netherlands (TCB.6586). JW acknowledges Deltares strategic research funding under project number 1202359.09. Richard Soulsby is gratefully acknowledged for valuable discussions and feedback on the formula during the SANTOSS project.Peer reviewedPostprin

Behavior disorders in children with significant refractive errors

Purpose To evaluate the frequency of behavioral disorders in children with significant refractive error and to compare the results with those of emmetropic children. Methods In this prospective, comparative study from January to September 2013, refractive errors of all 5�12-year-old children who referred to a general eye clinic were recorded. A validated Persian version of the Rutter A scale was filled out by the parents for the evaluation of the child's behavioral disorders. The Rutter A scale scores of children with significant refractive error were compared with those of emmetropic eyes. Student t test, Chi square test, and Fisher's exact test were used for analysis. Differences with a P value less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results One hundred eighty-three patients, including 101 patients with significant refractive error and 82 emmetropic subjects, were studied. Overall, 44 patients (24) had behavioral disorders, according to the Rutter A scale scores. Thirty patients (29.7) with significant refractive error and 14 emmetropic subjects (16.9) had behavioral disorders (P = 0.043). The prevalence of behavioral disorders were 37.5 in hyperopia, 35.7 in hyperopia-astigmatism, 21.4 in simple astigmatism, 16.7 in myopia-astigmatism, and 14.3 in myopia. Compared with emmetropic subjects, the prevalence of behavioral disorders was statistically significantly higher only in patients with hyperopia and hyperopia-astigmatism (P = 0.019 and P = 0.040). Conclusion The prevalence of behavioral disorders is higher in children with hyperopia and hyperopia-astigmatism. © 2016 Iranian Society of Ophthalmolog

The emerging landscape of neo/adjuvant immunotherapy in renal cell carcinoma

Adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapies that reduce the risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) recurrence remain an area of unmet need. Advances have been made in metastatic RCC recently by leveraging PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). These agents are currently being investigated in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings to determine if intervention early in the disease trajectory offers a clinically meaningful benefit. While a disease-free survival benefit has been demonstrated with pembrolizumab, results from other ICI studies have not been positive to date. More mature data from these studies are needed to determine whether there is a survival benefit to ICIs in the curative-intent setting. The success of ICIs has also ushered a new wave of studies combining ICIs with other agents such as targeted therapies and vaccines, which are in early stages of investigation. We review the current state of adjuvant/neoadjuvant therapy in RCC and highlight opportunities for ongoing study