Appendix B. Effect of drought on insect survival and emergence.

Effect of drought on insect survival and emergence

Appendix C. Figures showing results from analyses assuming exponential larval growth rates.

Figures showing results from analyses assuming exponential larval growth rates

Appendix A. The size distribution of surveyed bromeliads in relation to insect occurrences.

The size distribution of surveyed bromeliads in relation to insect occurrences

Precipitation schedules for the Bromeliad Working Group rainfall experiment

<p>This is an initial release of the code, weather data, and output schedules used in experiments conducted by the Bromeliad Working Group. All of these schedules have already been used in conducting seven field experiments; therefore we release this as version 1.0.0</p

predator kairomones and prey cues

The file contains all the data used in the manuscript. The first column are the treatment names. The second, third and fourth columns are different descriptors of bromeliad morphology: these three measures (data centered and standardized) were used in a PCA, and the first axis of the ordination was used as a measure of bromeliad size (site scores were multiplied by -1, so that larger scores represented larger bromeliads). The other variables in the file are the response variables used in our study. The units of measurement are shown together with the variable names

Habitat Selection and Reproductive Success of Lewis's Woodpecker (<em>Melanerpes lewis</em>) at Its Northern Limit

<div><p>Lewis's Woodpecker (<em>Melanerpes lewis</em>) has experienced population declines in both Canada and the United States and in 2010 was assigned a national listing of threatened in Canada. We conducted a two-year study (2004–2005) of this species at its northern range limit, the South Okanagan Valley in British Columbia, Canada. Our main objective was to determine whether the habitat features that influenced nest-site selection also predicted nest success, or whether other factors (e.g. cavity dimensions, clutch initiation date or time of season) were more important. Nest tree decay class, density of suitable cavities and total basal area of large trees were the best predictors of nest-site selection, but these factors were unrelated to nesting success. Estimates of demographic parameters (mean ± SE) included daily nest survival rate (0.988±0.003, years combined), nest success (0.52±0.08), clutch size (5.00±0.14 eggs), female fledglings per successful nest (1.31±0.11), and annual productivity (0.68±0.12 female fledglings per nest per year). Although higher nest survival was associated with both early and late initiated clutches, early-initiated clutches allowed birds to gain the highest annual productivity as early clutches were larger. Nests in deep cavities with small entrances experienced lower predation risk especially during the peak period of nest predation. We concluded that nest-site selection can be predicted by a number of easily measured habitat variables, whereas nest success depended on complicated ecological interactions among nest predators, breeding behaviors, and cavity features. Thus, habitat-based conservation strategies should also consider ecological factors that may not be well predicted by habitat.</p> </div

Overall reproductive parameters of Lewis's Woodpeckers in the South Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, 2004–2005. Annual productivity was the product of nest success and female fledglings per successful nest.

<p>Overall reproductive parameters of Lewis's Woodpeckers in the South Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, 2004–2005. Annual productivity was the product of nest success and female fledglings per successful nest.</p

Seasonal patterns of clutch size (grey triangles, dashed line) and fledglings per successful nest (solid circles, solid line) in relation to clutch initiation date.

<p>Lines indicate the predicted average values from logistic regressions.</p

Habitat and cavity features (mean ± SE) of nest sites and random sites and of successful and failed Lewis's Woodpecker nests in the South Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, 2004–2005. All 45 nest sites were actively used by Lewis' Woodpeckers, and the fate of nests in nest sites was subsequently determined to be either successful or failed. Differences between nest and random sites, and between successful and failed nests, assessed with t-tests.

*<p>Only applicable to nesting sites.</p>a<p>Ratio transformed into a unitless index >0.01 by multiplying by100 mm.</p

Relative importance of habitat variables in predicting either nest site selection or nest success.

<p>Relative importance is calculated as sum of weightings for a variable in all models where this variable was included, and is constrained between 0 and 1.</p