Aplikasi Herbisida 2,4-d Dan Penoxsulam Pada Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Tanaman Padi Sawah (Oryza Sativa L.)

Salah satu teknik budidaya untuk meningkatkan produksi tanaman padi sawah yaitu dengan mengurangi persaingan antara tanaman dengan gulma. Pengendalian dengan kimiawi merupakan salah satu cara mengurangi pertumbuhan gulma di pertanaman padi. Cara kimiawi merupakan cara yang praktis, efektif dan efisien untuk mengendalikan gulma. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh dari aplikasi herbisida 2,4-D dan penoxsulam dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil padi sawah serta menentukan dosis aplikasi herbisida 2,4-D dan penoxsulam baik secara tunggal maupun campuran dalam mengendalikan gulma pada tanaman padi sawah. Penelitian telah dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret-Juli 2014 di Desa Campurasri, Ngawi. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok sederhana, dengan menempatkan 11 perlakuan yaitu H1 : kontrol herbisida 2,4-D; H2 : 2,4-D 11,25 kg ha-1; H3 : 2,4-D 22,5 kg ha-1; H4 : 2,4-D 33,75 kg ha-1; H5 : kontrol herbisida penoxsulam; H6 : penoxsulam 200 ml ha-1; H7 : penoxsulam 400 ml ha-1; H8 : penoxsulam 600 ml ha-1; H9 : 2,4-D 11,25 kg ha-1 dan penoxsulam 200 ml ha-1; H10 : 2,4-D 22,5 kg ha-1 dan penoxsulam 400 ml ha-1; H11 : 2,4-D 33,75 kg ha-1 dan penoxsulam 600 ml ha-1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan herbisida 2,4-D 11,25 kg ha-1 dan penoxsulam 200 ml menghasilkan bobot kering total tanaman dengan peningkatan sebesar 34,62 % dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Pada produksi tanaman padi peningkatan terjadi sebesar 29,77 % pada perlakuan herbisida 2,4-D 33,75 kg ha-1 dan penoxsulam 600 ml dibandingkan dengan kontrol

Molecular evidence of field cancerization initiated by diabetes in colon cancer patients

The potential involvement of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as a risk factor for colon cancer (CC) has been previously reported. While several clinical studies show a higher incidence of CC and a lower survival rate in diabetics, others report no association. Our own experience indicates that diabetes does not seem to worsen the prognosis once the tumor is present. Despite this controversy, there are no wide‐spectrum molecular studies that delve into the impact of T2DM‐related mechanisms in colon carcinogenesis. Here, we present a transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of paired tumor and normal colon mucosa samples in a cohort of 42 CC patients, 23 of which have T2DM. We used gene set enrichment and network approaches to extract relevant pathways in diabetics, referenced them to current knowledge, and tested them using in vitro techniques. Through our transcriptomics approach, we identified an unexpected overlap of pathways overrepresented in diabetics compared to nondiabetics, in both tumor and normal mucosa, including diabetes‐related metabolic and signaling processes. Proteomic approaches highlighted several cancer‐related signaling routes in diabetics found only in normal mucosa, not in tumors. An integration of the transcriptome and proteome analyses suggested the deregulation of key pathways related to colon carcinogenesis which converged on tumor initiation axis TEAD/YAP‐TAZ as a potential initiator of the process. In vitro studies confirmed upregulation of this pathway in nontumor colon cells under high‐glucose conditions. In conclusion, T2DM associates with deregulation of cancer‐related processes in normal colon mucosa adjacent to tissue which has undergone a malignant transformation. These data support that in diabetic patients, the local microenvironment in normal colon mucosa may be a factor driving field cancerization promoting carcinogenesis. Our results set a new framework to study links between diabetes and colon cancer, including a new role of the TEAD/YAP‐TAZ complex as a potential driver