Framing Federated Learning: Sviluppo di un Framework per l’Analisi delle Architetture Centralizzate e Distribuite

Nella mia tesi ho trattato una nuova metodologia di addestramento per i modelli di intelligenza artificiale, nello specifico il federated learning. Dopo aver analizzato nel dettaglio tutti i vantaggi e i limiti che questo comporta, ho presentato un nuovo Framework da me sviluppato e chiamato "SmartFed". Ho dimostrato eseguendo delle simulazioni di addestramento federato attraverso l'utilizzo di "SmartFed" come esso sia in grado di gestire correttamente questa tipologia di sistema. Dopo l’addestramento ho eseguito vari test, al termine dei quali ho potuto confrontare i risultati ottenuti dal modello addestrato utilizzando “SmartFed” con quelli derivanti da un addestramento classico. Ho quindi potuto appurare l'effettivo funzionamento di questa tipologia di addestramento e per conseguenza anche il corretto funzionamento del mio framework. Per rendere i vari esperimenti maggiormente significativi, in ciascuno di questi ho deciso di utilizzare lo stesso modello (YOLO) e lo stesso database (Vis-drone), cambiando però sia la distribuzione dei campioni sui diversi partecipanti che i parametri previsti dal framework implementato. Dall’esito di questi esperimenti è risultato che il federated learning è una metodologia di addestramento resistente all’eventuale assenza di alcuni partecipanti in alcuni Round

4-(3-Methyl­anilino)-N-[N-(1-methyl­ethyl)carbamo­yl]pyridinium-3-sulfon­amidate (torasemide) methanol 0.25-solvate 0.25-hydrate

The title compound, C16H20N4O3S·0.25CH4O·0.25H2O, is a hydrate/methanol solvate of torasemide, a diuretic drug used in the treatment of hypertension. The asymmetric unit contains two torasemide mol­ecules and half-occupied methanol and water mol­ecules. It is isomorphous with the previously reported nonsolvated T–II form of torasemide. The water mol­ecules contribute to the stability of the structure by participating in an extensive system of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds; N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are also present. Both asymmetric mol­ecules of torasemide form inversion dimers in the crystal

3-Methyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydro­naphthalen-2-yl 4-amino­benzoate

The crystal structure of the title compound, C18H13NO4, the oxidized form of the drug aminaftone used in venous disease therapy, is characterized by the presence of ribbons of hydrogen-bonded mol­ecules parallel to the [111] crystallographic direction and by stacking inter­actions between rings [centroid–centroid distance between quinone rings = 3.684 (3) Å and between amino­benzoate rings = 4.157 (3) Å] along the ribbons

Comprehensive genomic analysis reveals the prognostic role of LRRK2 copy-number variations in human malignancies

Genetic alterations of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), one of the most important contributors to familial Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), have been hypothesized to play a role in cancer development due to demographical and preclinical data. Here, we sought to define the prevalence and prognostic significance of LRRK2 somatic mutations across all types of human malignancies by querying the publicly available online genomic database cBioPortal. Ninety-six different studies with 14,041 cases were included in the analysis, and 761/14,041 (5.4%) showed genetic alterations in LRRK2. Among these, 585 (76.9%) were point mutations, indels or fusions, 168 (22.1%) were copy number variations (CNVs), and 8 (1.0%) showed both types of alterations. One case showed the somatic mutation R1441C. A significant difference in terms of overall survival (OS) was noted between cases harboring somatic LRRK2 whole deletions, amplifications, and CNV-unaltered cases (median OS: 20.09, 57.40, and 106.57 months, respectively; p = 0.0008). These results suggest that both LRRK2 amplifications and whole gene deletions could play a role in cancer development, paving the way for future research in terms of potential treatment with LRRK2 small molecule inhibitors for LRRK2-amplified cases

4-Amino-N-(3-meth­oxy­pyrazin-2-yl)benzene­sulfonamide

The overall mol­ecular geometry of the title compound, C11H12N4O3S, is bent, with a dihedral angle of 89.24 (5)° between the best planes through the two aromatic rings. Each mol­ecule behaves as a hydrogen-bond donor toward three different mol­ecules, through its amidic and the two aminic H atoms, and it behaves as a hydrogen-bond acceptor from two other mol­ecules via one of its sulfonamidic O atoms. In the crystal, mol­ecules linked by N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds form kinked layers parallel to (001), adjacent layers being connected by van der Waals inter­actions

PIK3R1 W624R Is an Actionable Mutation in High Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma

Identifying cancer drivers and actionable mutations is critical for precision oncology. In epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) the majority of mutations lack biological or clinical validation. We fully characterized 43 lines of Patient-Derived Xenografts (PDXs) and performed copy number analysis and whole exome sequencing of 12 lines derived from naïve, high grade EOCs. Pyrosequencing allowed quantifying mutations in the source tumours. Drug response was assayed on PDX Derived Tumour Cells (PDTCs) and in vivo on PDXs. We identified a PIK3R1W624R variant in PDXs from a high grade serous EOC. Allele frequencies of PIK3R1W624R in all the passaged PDXs and in samples of the source tumour suggested that it was truncal and thus possibly a driver mutation. After inconclusive results in silico analyses, PDTCs and PDXs allowed the showing actionability of PIK3R1W624R and addiction of PIK3R1W624R carrying cells to inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. It is noteworthy that PIK3R1 encodes the p85α regulatory subunit of PI3K, that is very rarely mutated in EOC. The PIK3R1W624R mutation is located in the cSH2 domain of the p85α that has never been involved in oncogenesis. These data show that patient-derived models are irreplaceable in their role of unveiling unpredicted driver and actionable variants in advanced ovarian cancer

4-(3-Methyl­anilino)-N-[N-(1-methyl­ethyl)carbamo­yl]pyridinium-3-sulfon­amidate (torasemide T–N): a low temperature redetermination

The structure [Danilovski et al. (2001 ▶). Croat. Chim. Acta 74, 103–120] of the T–N (non-solvated) polymorph of torasemide, C16H20N4O3S, a diuretic drug used in the treatment of hypertension, has been redetermined at low temperature. The zwitterionic form of the mol­ecule is confirmed, although GAUSSIAN03 calculations suggest that this form is less stable in the gas phase. The unit-cell contraction between 298 and 100 K is approximately isotropic and the largest structual change is in a C—N—C—C torsion angle, which differs by 11.4 (3)° between the room-temperature and low-temperature structures. There are two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit, both of which contain an intra­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bond. In the crystal structure, both mol­ecules form inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. Further N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds lead to a three-dimensional network. The different hydrogen-bond arrangements and packing motifs in the polymorphs of torasemide are discussed in detail

{2-Hydr­oxy-3-[4-(2-methoxy­ethyl)­phen­oxy]prop­yl}isopropyl­ammonium hemisuccinate

Metoprolol, a widely used adrenoreceptor blocking drug, is commonly administered as the succinate or tartrate salt. The structure of metoprolol succinate, C15H26NO3 +·0.5C4H4O4 2−, is characterized by the presence of ribbons in which cations, generated by N-protonation of the metoprolol mol­ecules, are hydrogen bonded to succinate anions. The dicarboxylic acid transfers its H atoms to two metoprolol mol­ecules; the asymmetric unit contains one cation and half an anion, the latter possessing twofold rotational symmetry. There are localized nets of O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds along a ribbon, within centrosymmetric arrangements formed by pairs of metoprolol cations and pairs of anions, each of the latter contributing with one of its carboxyl groups to the localized net. This arrangement is repeated along the ribbon by the operation of the twofold axis bis­ecting the anion, as well as by the lattice translation