99 research outputs found
Molecular dynamics simulations reveal canonical conformations in different pMHC/TCR interactions
The major defense system against microbial pathogens in vertebrates is the adaptive immune response and represents an effective mechanism in cancer surveillance. T cells represent an essential component of this complex system. They can recognize myriads of antigens as short peptides (p) originated from the intracellular degradation of foreign proteins presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. The clonotypic T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) is specialized in recognizing pMHC and triggering T cells immune response. It is still unclear how TCR engagement to pMHC is translated into the intracellular signal that initiates T-cell immune response. Some work has suggested the possibility that pMHC binding induces in the TCR conformational changes transmitted to its companion CD3 subunits that govern signaling. The conformational changes would promote phosphorylation of the CD3 complex Μ chain that initiates signal propagation intracellularly. Here, we used all-atom molecular dynamics simulations (MDs) of 500 ns to analyze the conformational behavior of three TCRs (1G4, ILA1 and ILA1ι1β1) interacting with the same MHC class I (HLA-A*02:01) bound to different peptides, and modelled in the presence of a lipid bilayer. Our data suggest a correlation between the conformations explored by the β-chain constant regions and the T-cell response experimentally determined. In particular, independently by the TCR type involved in the interaction, the TCR activation seems to be linked to a specific zone of the conformational space explored by the β-chain constant region. Moreover, TCR ligation restricts the conformational space the MHC class I groove
Does blood type affect the COVID-19 infection pattern?
Among the many aspects that characterize the COVID-19 pandemic, two seem
particularly challenging to understand: (i) the great geographical differences
in the degree of virus contagiousness and lethality which were found in the
different phases of the epidemic progression, and (ii) the potential role of
the infected people's blood type in both the virus infectivity and the
progression of the disease. A recent hypothesis could shed some light on both
aspects. Specifically, it has been proposed that in the subject-to-subject
transfer SARS-CoV-2 conserves on its capsid the erythrocytes' antigens of the
source subject. Thus these conserved antigens can potentially cause an immune
reaction in a receiving subject that has previously acquired specific
antibodies for the source subject antigens. This hypothesis implies a blood
type-dependent infection rate. The strong geographical dependence of the blood
type distribution could be, therefore, one of the factors at the origin of the
observed heterogeneity in the epidemics spread. Here, we present an
epidemiological deterministic model where the infection rules based on blood
types are taken into account and compare our model outcomes with the exiting
worldwide infection progression data. We found an overall good agreement, which
strengthens the hypothesis that blood types do play a role in the COVID-19
infection.Comment: 6 figures, 4 table
Exploring the Association Between Sialic Acid and SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Through a Molecular Dynamics-Based Approach
Recent experimental evidence demonstrated the capability of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein to bind sialic acid molecules, which was a trait not present in SARS-CoV and could shed light on the molecular mechanism used by the virus for the cell invasion. This peculiar feature has been successfully predicted by in-silico studies comparing the sequence and structural characteristics that SARS-CoV-2 shares with other sialic acid-binding viruses, like MERS-CoV. Even if the region of the binding has been identified in the N-terminal domain of Spike protein, so far no comprehensive analyses have been carried out on the spike-sialic acid conformations once in the complex. Here, we addressed this aspect performing an extensive molecular dynamics simulation of a system composed of the N-terminal domain of the spike protein and a sialic acid molecule. We observed several short-lived binding events, reconnecting to the avidic nature of the binding, interestingly occurring in the surface Spike region where several insertions are present with respect to the SARS-CoV sequence. Characterizing the bound configurations via a clustering analysis on the Principal Component of the motion, we identified different possible binding conformations and discussed their dynamic and structural properties. In particular, we analyze the correlated motion between the binding residues and the binding effect on the stability of atomic fluctuation, thus proposing regions with high binding propensity with sialic acid
Shape Complementarity Optimization of Antibody-Antigen Interfaces: the Application to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein
Many factors influence biomolecules binding, and its assessment constitutes
an elusive challenge in computational structural biology. In this respect, the
evaluation of shape complementarity at molecular interfaces is one of the main
factors to be considered. We focus on the particular case of antibody-antigen
complexes to quantify the complementarities occurring at molecular interfaces.
We relied on a method we recently developed, which employs the 2D Zernike
descriptors, to characterize investigated regions with an ordered set of
numbers summarizing the local shape properties. Collected a structural dataset
of antibody-antigen complexes, we applied this method and we statistically
distinguished, in terms of shape complementarity, pairs of interacting regions
from non-interacting ones. Thus, we set up a novel computational strategy based
on \textit{in-silico} mutagenesis of antibody binding site residues. We
developed a Monte Carlo procedure to increase the shape complementarity between
the antibody paratope and a given epitope on a target protein surface. We
applied our protocol against several molecular targets in SARS-CoV-2 spike
protein, known to be indispensable for viral cell invasion. We, therefore,
optimized the shape of template antibodies for the interaction with such
regions. As the last step of our procedure, we performed an independent
molecular docking validation of the results of our Monte Carlo simulations.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figure
Exploiting Reaction-Diffusion Conditions to Trigger Pathway Complexity in the Growth of a MOF
Coordination polymers (CPs), including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), are crystalline materials with promising applications in electronics, magnetism, catalysis, and gas storage/separation. However, the mechanisms and pathways underlying their formation remain largely undisclosed. Herein, we demonstrate that diffusion-controlled mixing of reagents at the very early stages of the crystallization process (i.e., within â40â
ms), achieved by using continuous-flow microfluidic devices, can be used to enable novel crystallization pathways of a prototypical spin-crossover MOF towards its thermodynamic product. In particular, two distinct and unprecedented nucleation-growth pathways were experimentally observed when crystallization was triggered under microfluidic mixing. Full-atom molecular dynamics simulations also confirm the occurrence of these two distinct pathways during crystal growth. In sharp contrast, a crystallization by particle attachment was observed under bulk (turbulent) mixing. These unprecedented results provide a sound basis for understanding the growth of CPs and open up new avenues for the engineering of porous materials by using out-of-equilibrium conditions
Insights into the Interaction Mechanism of DTP3 with MKK7 by Using STD-NMR and Computational Approaches
GADD45β/MKK7 complex is a non-redundant, cancer cell-restricted survival module downstream of the NF-kB survival pathway, and it has a pathogenically critical role in multiple myeloma, an incurable malignancy of plasma cells. The first-in-class GADD45β/MKK7 inhibitor DTP3 effectively kills MM cells expressing its molecular target, both in vitro and in vivo, by inducing MKK7/JNK-dependent apoptosis with no apparent toxicity to normal cells. DTP3 combines favorable drug-like properties, with on-target-specific pharmacology, resulting in a safe and cancer-selective therapeutic effect; however, its mode of action is only partially understood. In this work, we have investigated the molecular determinants underlying the MKK7 interaction with DTP3 by combining computational, NMR, and spectroscopic methods. Data gathered by fluorescence quenching and computational approaches consistently indicate that the N-terminal region of MKK7 is the optimal binding site explored by DTP3. These findings further the understanding of the selective mode of action of GADD45β/MKK7 inhibitors and inform potential mechanisms of drug resistance. Notably, upon validation of the safety and efficacy of DTP3 in human trials, our results could also facilitate the development of novel DTP3-like therapeutics with improved bioavailability or the capacity to bypass drug resistance
Differences in the organization of interface residues tunes the stability of the SARS-CoV-2 spike-ACE2 complex
The continuous emergence of novel variants represents one of the major problems in dealing with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Indeed, also due to its prolonged circulation, more than ten variants of concern emerged, each time rapidly overgrowing the current viral version due to improved spreading features. As, up to now, all variants carry at least one mutation on the spike Receptor Binding Domain, the stability of the binding between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the human ACE2 receptor seems one of the molecular determinants behind the viral spreading potential. In this framework, a better understanding of the interplay between spike mutations and complex stability can help to assess the impact of novel variants. Here, we characterize the peculiarities of the most representative variants of concern in terms of the molecular interactions taking place between the residues of the spike RBD and those of the ACE2 receptor. To do so, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of the RBD-ACE2 complexes of the seven variants of concern in comparison with a large set of complexes with different single mutations taking place on the RBD solvent-exposed residues and for which the experimental binding affinity was available. Analyzing the strength and spatial organization of the intermolecular interactions of the binding region residues, we found that (i) mutations producing an increase of the complex stability mainly rely on instaurating more favorable van der Waals optimization at the cost of Coulombic ones. In particular, (ii) an anti-correlation is observed between the shape and electrostatic complementarities of the binding regions. Finally, (iii) we showed that combining a set of dynamical descriptors is possible to estimate the outcome of point mutations on the complex binding region with a performance of 0.7. Overall, our results introduce a set of dynamical observables that can be rapidly evaluated to probe the effects of novel isolated variants or different molecular systems
Erratum to nodal management and upstaging of disease. Initial results from the Italian VATS Lobectomy Registry
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.06.12.]
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