12 research outputs found
Influence of Glycaemic Control on Cognitive Function in Diabetic Children and Adolescents
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), the number of people with diabetes has risen to 422 million in 2014. Poorly managed diabetes leads to chronic hyper and/or hypoglycaemia, which are associated with neurological complications in type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the primary target of diabetic treatment is to achieve a good glycaemic control (GC). In this chapter, we reviewed studies published up to September 2017 about GC and cognitive development in diabetic children and adolescents, as well as the nutritional approaches used for the management of diabetes in childhood, focusing on low glycaemic index (GI) diets. According to different studies, low GI diets effectively improve GC, which may reduce the risk of diabetes-related complications, such as cognitive dysfunction; however, the evidence is not sufficiently robust and the results are inconclusive. Despite the fact that, low GI diets are consistent with healthy eating recommendations and should be encouraged in the prevention and nutritional management of diabetes. Further research is needed in diabetic children and adolescents at risk, especially well-designed long-term randomised controlled trials, with larger sample size, to determine the true value of low GI diets on long-term GC and diabetes prevention and management
Short- and Long-Term Implications of Human Milk Microbiota on Maternal and Child Health
Conceptualization, C.C. and T.C.; searching and review of published articles:
M.E.-M., E.D., M.G.-R., J.A.G.-S., T.C. and C.C.; writing—original draft preparation, M.E.-M., E.D.,
C.C., M.G.-R., J.A.G.-S. and T.C.; writing—review and editing, M.G.-R., J.A.G.-S. and T.C.; visualization, M.G.-R.; J.A.G.-S. and T.C.; supervision, T.C. and C.C. All authors have read and agreed to the
published version of the manuscript.Human milk (HM) is considered the most complete food for infants as its nutritional composition is specifically designed to meet infant nutritional requirements during early life. HM also provides numerous biologically active components, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, milk fat globules, IgA, gangliosides or polyamines, among others; in addition, HM has a "bifidogenic effect ", a prebiotic effect, as a result of the low concentration of proteins and phosphates, as well as the presence of lactoferrin, lactose, nucleotides and oligosaccharides. Recently, has been a growing interest in HM as a potential source of probiotics and commensal bacteria to the infant gut, which might, in turn, influence both the gut colonization and maturation of infant immune system. Our review aims to address practical approaches to the detection of microbial communities in human breast milk samples, delving into their origin, composition and functions. Furthermore, we will summarize the current knowledge of how HM microbiota dysbiosis acts as a short- and long-term predictor of maternal and infant health. Finally, we also provide a critical view of the role of breast milk-related bacteria as a novel probiotic strategy in the prevention and treatment of maternal and offspring diseases
Association study between hypothalamic functional connectivity, early nutrition, and glucose levels in healthy children aged 6 years: The COGNIS study follow-up
Breastfeeding (BF) is the gold standard in infant nutrition; knowing how it influences brain connectivity would help understand the mechanisms involved, which would help close the nutritional gap between infant formulas and breast milk. We analyzed potential long-term differences depending on the diet with an experimental infant formula (EF), compared to a standard infant formula (SF) or breastfeeding (BF) during the first 18 months of life on children's hypothalamic functional connectivity (FC) assessed at 6 years old. A total of 62 children participating in the COGNIS randomized clinical trial (Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02094547) were included in this study. They were randomized to receive an SF (n = 22) or a bioactive nutrient-enriched EF (n = 20). BF children were also included as a control study group (BF: n = 20). Brain function was evaluated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and mean glucose levels were collected through a 24-h continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device at 6 years old. Furthermore, nutrient intake was also analyzed during the first 18 months of life and at 6 years old through 3-day dietary intake records. Groups fed with EF and BF showed lower FC between the medial hypothalamus (MH) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in comparison with SF-fed children. Moreover, the BF children group showed lower FC between the MH and the left putamen extending to the middle insula, and higher FC between the MH and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) compared to the EF-fed children group. These areas are key regions within the salience network, which is involved in processing salience stimuli, eating motivation, and hedonic-driven desire to consume food. Indeed, current higher connectivity found on the MH-IFG network in the BF group was associated with lower simple sugars acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDRs) at 6 months of age. Regarding linoleic acid intake at 12 months old, a negative association with this network (MH-IFG) only in the BF group was found. In addition, BF children showed lower mean glucose levels compared to SF-fed children at 6 years old. Our results may point out a possible relationship between diet during the first 18 months of life and inclined proclivity for hedonic eating later in life.Randox LaboratoriesS.L. Contract University of Granada General FoundationSpanish Government 3349Contract University of Granada General Foundation 3349European Commission CIEN-IDI-20141206Junta de Andalucia Consejeria de Transformacion Economica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades 4003Fundacion Carolina, Madrid, Spain 633595
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Influence of a Functional Nutrients-Enriched Infant Formula on Language Development in Healthy Children at Four Years Old
Nutrition during early life is essential for brain development and establishes the basis
for cognitive and language skills development. It is well established that breastfeeding, compared
to formula feeding, has been traditionally associated with increased neurodevelopmental scores
up to early adulthood. We analyzed the long-term effects of a new infant formula enriched with
bioactive compounds on healthy children’s language development at four years old. In a randomized
double-blind COGNIS study, 122 children attended the follow-up call at four years. From them,
89 children were fed a standard infant formula (SF, n = 46) or an experimental infant formula enriched
with functional nutrients (EF, n = 43) during their first 18 months of life. As a reference group,
33 exclusively breastfed (BF) were included. Language development was assessed using the Oral
Language Task of Navarra-Revised (PLON-R). ANCOVA, chi-square test, and logistic regression
models were performed. EF children seemed to show higher scores in use of language and oral
spontaneous expression than SF children, and both SF and EF groups did not differ from the BF group.
Moreover, it seems that SF children were more frequently categorized into “need to improve and
delayed” in the use of language than EF children, and might more frequently present “need to improve
and delayed” in the PLON-R total score than BF children. Finally, the results suggest that SF children
presented a higher risk of suffering language development than BF children. Secondary analysis also
showed a slight trend between low socioeconomic status and poorer language skills. The functional
compound-enriched infant formula seems to be associated with beneficial long-term effects in the
development of child’s language at four years old in a similar way to breastfed infants.This project has been funded by Ordesa Laboratories, S.L. Contract University of Granada General
Foundation, No. 3349 and SMARTFOODS (CIEN) Contract University of Granada General Foundation, No. 4003,
Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness; funded in part by HORIZON 2020 EU DynaHEALTH
Project (GA No.633595). Natalia Sepúlveda-Valbuena has been granted with a scholarship from Fundación
Carolina, Madrid, Spai
Infant Formula Supplemented With Milk Fat Globule Membrane, Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, and Synbiotics Is Associated With Neurocognitive Function and Brain Structure of Healthy Children Aged 6 Years: The COGNIS Study
This project has been funded by Laboratorios Ordesa, S.L. Contract University of Granada General Foundation, No. 3349 and SMARTFOODS (CIEN) Contract University of Granada General Foundation, No. 4003, Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness. Furthermore, the project has been partially funded by HORIZON 2020 EU DynaHEALTH Project (GA No. 633595).Background: Adequate nutrient intake during the first few months of life plays a critical
role on brain structure and function development.
Objectives: To analyze the long-term effects of an experimental infant formula (EF) on
neurocognitive function and brain structure in healthy children aged 6 years compared
to those fed with a standard infant formula or breastfed.
Methods: The current study involved 108 healthy children aged 6 years and participating
in the COGNIS Study. At 0–2 months, infants were randomized to receive up to 18
months of life a standard infant formula (SF) or EF enriched with milk fat globule
membrane (MFGM), long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and synbiotics.
Furthermore, a reference group of breastfed (BF) infants were also recruited. Children
were assessed using neurocognitive tests and structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI) at 6 years old. Results: Experimental infant formula (EF) children showed greater volumes in the left
orbital cortex, higher vocabulary scores and IQ, and better performance in an attention
task than BF children. EF children also presented greater volumes in parietal regions than
SF kids. Additionally, greater cortical thickness in the insular, parietal, and temporal areas
were found in children from the EF group than those fed with SF or BF groups. Further
correlation analyses suggest that higher volumes and cortical thickness of different
parietal and frontal regions are associated with better cognitive development in terms
of language (verbal comprehension) and executive function (working memory). Finally,
arachidonic acid (ARA), adrenic acid (AdA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in cheek
cell glycerophospholipids, ARA/DHA ratio, and protein, fatty acid, and mineral intake
during the first 18 months of life seem to be associated with changes in the brain
structures at 6 years old.
Conclusions: Supplemented infant formula with MFGM components, LC-PUFAs, and
synbiotics seems to be associated to long-term effects on neurocognitive development
and brain structure in children at 6 years old.Laboratorios OrdesaContract University of Granada General Foundation 3349SMARTFOODS (CIEN) Contract University of Granada General Foundation 4003Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness. FurthermoreEU DynaHEALTH Project 63359
Growth patterns and breast milk/infant formula energetic efficiency in healthy infants up to 18 months of life: the COGNIS study
This project has been funded by Laboratorios Ordesa, S. L. Contract University of Granada General Foundation, No. 3349 and SMARTFOODS (CIEN) Contract University of Granada General Foundation, No. 4003, Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, and partially funded by HORIZON 2020 EU DynaHEALTH Project (GA No.633595). N. S-V. has been granted with a scholarship from Fundaci ' on Carolina, Madrid, Spain.Type of feeding during early life influences growth trajectory and metabolic risk at later ages. Modifications in infant formula composition have led to evaluate their effects on growth and energetic efficiency (EE) compared with breast-feeding. Main goal was to analyse type of feeding potential effects during first months of life, plus its EE, on growth patterns in healthy formula fed (standard infant formula (SF) vs. experimental infant formula enriched with bioactive nutrients (EF)) and breastfed (BF) infants participating in the COGNIS RCT (http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT02094547) up to 18 months of age. Infants follow-up to 18 months of age (n 141) fed with a SF (n 48), EF(n 56), or BF (n 37), were assessed for growth parameters using WHO standards. Growth velocity (GV) and catch-up were calculated to identify growth patterns. EE of breast milk/infant formula was also estimated. Infants' growth at 6 months showed higher length and lower head circumference gains in SF and EF infants than BF infants. Both weight-for-length and weight-for-age catch-up growth showed significant differences in formula fed groups compared with the BF. No significant differences in GV or catch-up were found at 6-12 and 12-18 months. Regarding EE, infant formula groups showed significantly lower weight and length gains/g of milk protein, and higher weight and length gains/g of milk lipids, than the BF infants. GV during first 6 months, which may be influenced by feeding, seems to be the main predictor of subsequent growth trajectory. Breast-feeding may have positive effects on growth programming due to its nutrients' EE.Laboratorios Ordesa, S. L. Contract University of Granada General Foundation 3349SMARTFOODS (CIEN) Contract University of Granada General Foundation 4003Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and CompetitivenessHORIZON 2020 EU DynaHEALTH Project 633595Fundacion Carolina, Madrid, Spai
Cortical Visual Evoked Potentials and Growth in Infants Fed with Bioactive Compounds-Enriched Infant Formula: Results from COGNIS Randomized Clinical Trial
Postnatal nutrition is essential for growth and neurodevelopment. We analyzed the
influence of a new enriched-infant formula with bioactive compounds on growth, neurodevelopment,
and visual function (VF) in healthy infants during their first 18 months of life. A total of 170 infants
were randomized in the COGNIS randomized clinical trial (RCT) to receive a standard infant formula
(SF = 85) or a new experimental infant formula supplemented with functional nutrients (EF = 85). As a
control, 50 breastfed infants (BF) were enrolled. Growth patterns were evaluated up to 18 months of
life; neurodevelopment was assessed by general movements at 2, 3, and 4 months; VF was measured by
cortical visual evoked potentials at 3 and 12 months. No differences in growth and neurodevelopment
were found between groups. Regarding VF, SF and EF infants presented prolonged latencies and
lower amplitudes in the P100 wave than BF infants. In the EF group, a higher percentage of infants
presented response at 7 1/2' of arc at 12 months compared to 3 months of age; a similar proportion of BF
and EF infants presented responses at 7 1/2' of arc at 12 months of age. Early nutritional intervention
with bioactive compounds could narrow the gap in growth and neurodevelopment between breastfed
and formula-fed infants.This project has been funded by Ordesa Laboratories, S.L. Contract University of Granada General
Foundation, No. 3349 and SMARTFOODS (CIEN) Contract University of Granada General Foundation, No.
4003, Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness; funded in part by HORIZON 2020 EU
DynaHEALTH Project (GA No.633595)
The Effects of an Infant Formula Enriched with Milk Fat Globule Membrane, Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Synbiotics on Child Behavior up to 2.5 Years Old: The COGNIS Study
Although early life nutrition influences brain development and mental health, the long-term
e ects of supplemented infant formula on children´s behavior remain unclear. We analyzed the e ects
of a bioactive nutrients-enriched-infant formula on children’s behavior up to 2.5 years, compared to
a standard infant formula or breastfeeding. Current analysis involved 70 children who were fed a
standard infant formula (SF, n = 29) or a bioactive compounds enriched-infant formula (EF, n = 41),
during their first 18 months of life, and 33 breastfed (BF) children (reference group) participating
in the COGNIS study. Behavioral problems were evaluated using the Child Behavior Checklist at
18 months and 2.5 years. Di erent statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. EF children aged
2.5 years presented fewer pathological a ective problems than SF children. Besides, SF children
were classified more frequently as bordering on internalizing problems than BF children. Rates of
externalizing problems were increased in SF infants compared to EF and BF infants. Higher maternal
IQ was found to have beneficial e ects on internalizing and total problem rate in their o spring at
18 months of life; finally, higher maternal educational level was related with fewer ADHD problems
in children at 18 months, as well as internalizing, externalizing, total and anxiety problems in children
aged 2.5 years. Our analysis suggests that enriched infant formula fed infants seem to show fewer
behavioral problems up to 2.5 years compared to a standard infant formula-fed infants. In addition to type of early feeding, maternal IQ and educational level seem to play a key role on children
behavioral development.Ordesa LaboratoriesS.L. Contract University of Granada General Foundation
3349SMARTFOODS (CIEN) Contract University of Granada General Foundation
4003Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and CompetitivenessHORIZON 2020 EU DynaHEALTH Project
633595Fundación Carolina, Madrid, SpainCatedra ORDESA-University of Granada, Spain as part of Special Issue "Early Nutrition and Re-programming of Health and Disease
A synbiotics, long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and milk fat globule membranes supplemented formula modulates microbiota maturation and neurodevelopment
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.05.013.Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge the parents and children who
participated in the study, and also the paediatricians and researchers
of the EURISTIKOS team at the Department of Paediatrics
as well as the Genetics Service at Centro de Instrumentación
Científica e UGR for their contributions.Funding
This project was supported by CDTI (Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico e Industrial) and FEDER (SMARTFOODS: IDI-20141206), Ordesa Laboratories, S.L. (Contract FE-UGR No. 3349), and The Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, and partially supported by HORIZON 2020 EU DynaHEALTH Project (GA No.633595). Alicia Ruiz and Inmaculada Acuña were granted Ph.D. scholarships from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity. Tomás Cerdó was granted a Ph.D. scholarship from Carlos III Health Institute. Natalia Sepúlveda-Valbuena was granted with a scholarship from Fundación Carolina, Madrid, Spain.Background & aims
The critical window of concurrent developmental paths of the nervous system and gut microbiota in infancy provides an opportunity for nutritional interventions with potential health benefits later in life.
Methods
We compared the dynamics of gut microbiota maturation and explored its association with neurodevelopment at 12 months and 4 years of age in 170 full-term healthy infants fed a standard formula (SF) or a new formula (EF) based on standard formula supplemented with synbiotics, long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) and bovine milk fat globule membranes (MFGM), including a breastfed reference group (BF).
Results
Using Dirichlet Multinomial Modelling, we characterized three microbial enterotypes (Mixed, anaerobic and aerobic profile; Bact, Bacteroides-dominant; Firm, Firmicutes-enriched) and identified a new enterotype dominated by an unidentified genus within Lachnospiraceae (U_Lach). Enterotypes were associated with age (Mixed with baseline, U_Lach with month 6, Bact and Firm with months 12 and 18). Trajectories or timely enterotype shifts in each infant were not random but strongly associated with type of feeding. Trajectories in SF shifted from initial Mixed to U_Lach, Bact or Firm at month. Microbiota maturation in EF split into a fast trajectory as in SF, and a slow trajectory with Mixed to U_Lach, Bact or Firm transitions at months 12 or 18, as in BF. EF infants with slow trajectories were more often in–home reared and born by vaginal delivery to mothers with pre-pregnancy lean BMI. At 12 months of age, language and expressive language scores were significantly higher in EF infants with fast trajectories than in BF. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were similar between EF infants with slow trajectories and BF at 12 months and 4 years of age.
Conclusions
Feeding a synbiotics, LC-PUFA and MFGM supplemented formula in a specific infant environment promoted probiotic growth and retarded gut microbiota maturation with similar neurodevelopment outcomes to breastfed infants.CDTI (Centro para el Desarrollo
Tecnológico e Industrial) and FEDER (SMARTFOODS: IDI-
20141206)Ordesa Laboratories, S.L. (Contract FE-UGR No. 3349)Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and CompetitivenessHORIZON 2020 EU DynaHEALTH
Project (GA No.633595
Efectos de la nutrición precoz sobre la programación del control glucémico en el niño
Tesis Univ. Granada.Laboratorios Ordesa, S.L. Contrato de la Fundación General de la Universidad de Granada, Ref. nº 3349Proyecto Inter-empresas SMARTFOODS (CIENIDI- 20141206), Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad de España, (Contrato Fundación General Universidad de Granada, Ref. nº 4003Proyecto Europeo HORIZON 2020 DynaHEALTH (GA No. 633595