Resource Tuned Optimal Random Network Coding for Single Hop Multicast future 5G Networks

Optimal random network coding is reduced complexity in computation of coding coefficients, computation of encoded packets and coefficients are such that minimal transmission bandwidth is enough to transmit coding coefficient to the destinations and decoding process can be carried out as soon as encoded packets are started being received at the destination and decoding process has lower computational complexity. But in traditional random network coding, decoding process is possible only after receiving all encoded packets at receiving nodes. Optimal random network coding also reduces the cost of computation. In this research work, coding coefficient matrix size is determined by the size of layers which defines the number of symbols or packets being involved in coding process. Coding coefficient matrix elements are defined such that it has minimal operations of addition and multiplication during coding and decoding process reducing computational complexity by introducing sparseness in coding coefficients and partial decoding is also possible with the given coding coefficient matrix with systematic sparseness in coding coefficients resulting lower triangular coding coefficients matrix. For the optimal utility of computational resources, depending upon the computational resources unoccupied such as memory available resources budget tuned windowing size is used to define the size of the coefficient matrix

Resource Tuned Optimal Random Network Coding for Single Hop Multicast future 5G Networks

Optimal random network coding is reduced complexity in computation of coding coefficients, computation of encoded packets and coefficients are such that minimal transmission bandwidth is enough to transmit coding coefficient to the destinations and decoding process can be carried out as soon as encoded packets are started being received at the destination and decoding process has lower computational complexity. But in traditional random network coding, decoding process is possible only after receiving all encoded packets at receiving nodes. Optimal random network coding also reduces the cost of computation. In this research work, coding coefficient matrix size is determined by the size of layers which defines the number of symbols or packets being involved in coding process. Coding coefficient matrix elements are defined such that it has minimal operations of addition and multiplication during coding and decoding process reducing computational complexity by introducing sparseness in coding coefficients and partial decoding is also possible with the given coding coefficient matrix with systematic sparseness in coding coefficients resulting lower triangular coding coefficients matrix. For the optimal utility of computational resources, depending upon the computational resources unoccupied such as memory available resources budget tuned windowing size is used to define the size of the coefficient matrix

Lived experiences of ‘peak water’ in the high mountains of Nepal and Peru

Peak water describes the hydrological response of glacier-fed rivers to climate change, indicating that warming first drives increasing discharge until a glacier mass loss threshold is surpassed and discharge falls below values observed prior to contemporary climate warming. Although the physical principles of peak water are well understood and accepted, there remains little empirical work evaluating how hydrological dynamics associated with peak water are experienced by residents of high mountain communities at the frontlines of glacial change. In response, this study—drawing on 160 household interviews, 34 key informant interviews, and 4 focus groups—uses a contextual vulnerability approach to characterize lived experiences of peak water in communities of the upper Manaslu region of the Nepal Himalaya and the Cordillera Huayhuash region of the Peruvian Andes. It problematizes characteristics of vulnerability postulated in the glacio-hydrological modelling literature by revealing unanticipated experiences of peak water dynamics on both the rising and falling limb of the peak water profile. The study complements existing glacio-hydrology literature, demonstrates the importance of social theoretical perspectives in the evaluation of human vulnerability to peak water, and provides insights that can help appropriately target scarce adaptation resources

Phytophthora blight of pepper (Phytophthora capsici Leonian) and its integrated disease management

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important high value crop grown for vegetable and for spice purposes. Phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora capsici Leonian is a serious disease of pepper. The objective of the study was to determine effective control measures for integrated management of Phytophthora blight, which might reduce chemical fungicides use. Studies were carried out under greenhouse/screenhouse conditions to determine: races, mating types and metalaxyl sensitivity, survival of P. capsici in run-off, pond water contamination, and effects of some environmentally safe measures to reduce Phytophthora blight. In 2002/2003, pepper genotypes were screened for resistance under laboratory and field conditions at the University of Connecticut and in Nepal respectively. In 2003, 8/9 different disease control treatments were evaluated in farmers\u27 fields in two locations in Nepal. Results showed: existence of races, most of the isolates sensitive to metalaxyl (Krilaxyl), and out of 85, 83 isolates A1 mating type. One irrigation pond at Somers, Connecticut was found contaminated in September 2002. Colony forming units recovery declined significantly over time. Under greenhouse/screenhouse conditions significant reduction in disease incidence was observed in mustard meal amended soil, and in 7 and 8-week-old seedlings compared to younger seedlings. PlantShield (Trichoderma harzianum) and SoilGard ( Gliocladium virens) were found effective compared to control. Most of the genotypes were moderately susceptible to susceptible under laboratory conditions. Field study showed 7 genotypes resistant, 9 moderately resistant, 15 moderately susceptible and 9 were susceptible. Among the treatments evaluated, three reduced Phytophthora blight significantly: seedling treatment followed by two foliar sprays with Dhanucop (50% copper oxychloride) or Krilaxyl (8% metalaxyl + 64% mancozeb) and seedling treatment with Krilaxyl in combination with G. virens application in the planting hole. To confirm mustard meal and chicken manure effects in the field requires more research. Based on overall results it is concluded that monitoring of irrigation pond water, use of 7- and 8-week-old seedlings, and treatment with Dhanucop or Krilaxyl alone or in combination with G. virens can be helpful for integrated management of Phytophthora blight. Resistant or moderately resistant genotypes could be the base for developing resistant genotypes with better horticultural traits.

Palladium catalyzed selective distal C-H olefination of biaryl systems

Palladium catalyzed selective distal C-H activation with nitrile based templates has been of significant research interest in recent times. In this report, we disclose the distal C-H olefination of biphenyl systems with high regio-and stereo-selectivity and useful synthetic yields. The utility of this method has been demonstrated through its wide olefin scope, its operation at the gram scale and the easy removal/recovery of the directing group

Redox-active organic molecular salt of 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid as lithium-ion battery anode

Hybrid organic–inorganic materials, particularly with a framework structure, have recently attracted much attention as redox electrode. In this work, we report for the first time, the electrochemical properties of redox-active organic molecular Li-salt derived from 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid (1,2,4-H3BTC) as lithium-ion battery (LIB) anode. The organic molecular salt (1,2,4-Li-BTC), prepared by a simple low temperature (80 °C) solvothermal process, delivers a first cycle charge capacity of 162 mAhg−1. Further, it is shown that preparing a composite electrode with 8 wt% MWCNT improves charge transport and alleviates the dissolution problem, resulting in steady cycling behaviour and good rate performance. The results show promise for this new class of anode with flat charge discharge profiles and a convenient working potential of ∼1.2 V vs. Li+/Li

From needs to actions: prospects for planned adaptations in high mountain communities

Adaptation needs in high mountain communities are increasingly well documented, yet most efforts to address these needs continue to befall mountain people who have contributed little to the problem of climate change. This situation represents a contravention of accepted norms of climate justice and calls attention to the need for better understanding of prospects for externally resourced adaptation initiatives in high mountain areas. In response, this paper examines the architecture of formal adaptation support mechanisms organized through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and how such mechanisms might help to meet adaptation needs in high mountain communities. It outlines key global adaptation initiatives organized through the UNFCCC, clarifies idealized linkages between these global adaptation initiatives and meeting local adaptation needs, and evaluates actual progress in connecting such support with discrete adaptation needs in the upper Manaslu region of Nepal. The paper then critically examines observed shortcomings in matching adaptation support organized through the UNFCCC with local adaptation needs, including complications stemming from the bureaucratic nature of formal adaptation support mechanisms, the intervening role of the state in delivering aid, and the ways in which these complexities intersect with the specific socio-cultural contexts of mountain communities. It concludes by highlighting several prospects for increasing the quantity and quality of adaptation support to mountain communities. These opportunities are considered alongside several salient concerns about formal adaptation support mechanisms in an effort to provide a well-rounded assessment of the prospects for planned adaptations in high mountain communities

Carbon@carbon double hollow spheres as efficient cathode host for high rate Li-S battery

Development of carbon materials for lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery that can confine the sulfur species effectively while serving as a conductive matrix for high rate performance has attracted intense research interest. Herein, we report designing of a double hollow spherical carbon (C@C) by using RF resin coated SiO2 as an exo-template. The developed C@C/S cathode could host about 69.1 wt% of S and exhibits a high specific capacity of 1396 mAh g(-1) at 0.05 C corresponding to 83.5% of S utilization. Furthermore, the cathode could sustain a current rate of 5 C (8.4 A g(-1)) and still delivers a reasonable capacity of 320 mAh g(-1) with excellent electrochemical stability at this high rate with no apparent capacity fading for 100 cycles. The present results highlight the importance of morphological pre-design for developing advanced carbon materials as Li-S cathode host