10 research outputs found
Member and network-level mean work scores by relationship type, broken down by networks with and without a partner/spouse.
1<p>Mean work done by a member of a network.</p>2<p>Total work done by all members of a network (mean network total).</p
Information relating to the illness management workforce.
<p>Information relating to the illness management workforce.</p
Member and network-level mean work scores by relationship type.
1<p>Mean score for members of each relational type.</p>2<p>Combined (summed) score for members within a network, as a mean across networks that included the type.</p>3<p>Overall test of differences in scores between relational types.</p>4<p>One network included two partners/spouses.</p
Mean network-level work scores by relationship type for networks with and without a partner/spouse.
<p>The figure compares partner and no-partner networks. The figure represents visually the differences between the mean levels for illness, emotional and everyday work and in relation to type of relationship.</p
Univariate and multivariate analysis of work done by network members: member characteristics.
<p>Univariate and multivariate analysis of work done by network members: member characteristics.</p
Multivariate analysis of work done by network members: Ego, member and network characteristics combined.
<p>Multivariate analysis of work done by network members: Ego, member and network characteristics combined.</p
Mean network-level work scores by relationship type.
<p>The figure represents visually the differences between the mean levels for illness, emotional and everyday work and in relation to type of relationship.</p
Univariate and multivariate analysis of work done by network members: Ego characteristics.
<p>Univariate and multivariate analysis of work done by network members: Ego characteristics.</p
Ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, intensive care admission, and death: a global systematic review and meta-analysis of over 200 million study participants
Background: COVID-19 has exacerbated existing ethnic inequalities in health. Little is known about whether inequalities in severe disease and deaths, observed globally among minoritised ethnic groups, relates to greater infection risk, poorer prognosis, or both. We analysed global data on COVID-19 clinical outcomes examining inequalities between people from minoritised ethnic groups compared to the ethnic majority group.
Methods: Databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, EMCARE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library) were searched from 1st December 2019 to 3rd October 2022, for studies reporting original clinical data for COVID-19 outcomes disaggregated by ethnicity: infection, hospitalisation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mortality. We assessed inequalities in incidence and prognosis using random-effects meta-analyses, with Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) use to assess certainty of findings. Meta-regressions explored the impact of region and time-frame (vaccine roll-out) on heterogeneity. PROSPERO: CRD42021284981.
Findings: 77 studies comprising over 200,000,000 participants were included. Compared with White majority populations, we observed an increased risk of testing positive for infection for people from Black (adjusted Risk Ratio [aRR]:1.78, 95%CI:1.59-1.99, I2=99路1), South Asian (aRR:3.00, 95%CI:1.59-5.66, I2=99路1), Mixed (aRR:1.64, 95%CI:1.02-1.67, I2=93路2) and Other ethnic groups (aRR:1.36, 95%CI:1.01-1.82, I2=85路6). Black, Hispanic, and South Asian people were more likely to be seropositive. Among population-based studies, Black and Hispanic ethnic groups and Indigenous peoples had an increased risk of hospitalisation; Black, Hispanic, South Asian, East Asian and Mixed ethnic groups and Indigenous peoples had an increased risk of ICU admission. Mortality risk was increased for Hispanic, Mixed, and Indigenous groups. Smaller differences were seen for prognosis following infection. Following hospitalisation, South Asian, East Asian, Black and Mixed ethnic groups had an increased risk of ICU admission, and mortality risk was greater in Mixed ethnic groups. Certainty of evidence ranged from very low to moderate.
Interpretation: Systematic ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 health outcomes exist, with large differences in exposure risk and some differences in prognosis following hospitalisation. Response and recovery interventions must focus on tackling drivers of ethnic inequalities which increase exposure risk and vulnerabilities to severe disease, including structural racism and racial discrimination.</p