Triazophos induced neuro-splenic toxicity and evaluation of antioxidative potential of aqueous Broccoli extract in Wistar albino rats

The present investigation was carried out to assess the antioxidative potential of Broccoli sprouts aqueous extract (BE) against triazophos (TZ) induced oxidative stress (OS) in brain and spleen. In the experimental setup, six groups of rats were formed; Control (group 1), BE (group 2), TZ (group 3), and also BE+TZ groups such as BE1 (group 4), BE2 (group 5) and BE3 (group 6) groups. Rats were orally intubated for 30 days as per experimental design. After sacrifice, OS biomarkers viz; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were determined in brain and spleen. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was observed in plasma and brain samples. Histological study of the spleen in TZ rats showed increased thickness of capsule, congestion and hypocellularity in follicles of spleen’s white pulp and the histoarchitecture was restored in TZ+BE group rats. TZ caused degenerative changes in brain histology and rats showed mild congestion along with haemorrhage in the cerebral cortex. Results suggest that TZ exposure is associated with neural toxicity along with altered spleen stress biomarkers, which further corroborates with histopathological findings. It is inferred that BE exerts multi-mechanistic protective effects against TZ induced neuro-splenic toxicity which is attributable to its protective antioxidant actions

Triazophos induced neuro-splenic toxicity and evaluation of antioxidative potential of aqueous Broccoli extract in Wistar albino rats

The present investigation was carried out to assess the antioxidative potential of Broccoli sprouts aqueous extract (BE) against triazophos (TZ) induced oxidative stress (OS) in brain and spleen. In the experimental setup, six groups of rats were formed; Control (group 1), BE (group 2), TZ (group 3), and also BE+TZ groups such as BE1 (group 4), BE2 (group 5) and BE3 (group 6) groups. Rats were orally intubated for 30 days as per experimental design. After sacrifice, OS biomarkers viz; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were determined in brain and spleen. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was observed in plasma and brain samples. Histological study of the spleen in TZ rats showed increased thickness of capsule, congestion and hypocellularity in follicles of spleen’s white pulp and the histoarchitecture was restored in TZ+BE group rats. TZ caused degenerative changes in brain histology and rats showed mild congestion along with haemorrhage in the cerebral cortex. Results suggest that TZ exposure is associated with neural toxicity along with altered spleen stress biomarkers, which further corroborates with histopathological findings. It is inferred that BE exerts multi-mechanistic protective effects against TZ induced neuro-splenic toxicity which is attributable to its protective antioxidant actions.</jats:p

Ameliorative Potential of Aqueous Extract of Broccoli Sprouts Against Triazophos Induced Ovarian Toxicity in Wistar Rats

Traditional therapeutic procedures using antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables have been in vogue for the development of evidence-based biomarkers for assessing reproductive health. Present investigation was designed to study the antioxidative potential of broccoli sprouts aqueous extract (BE), against ovarian toxicity in female rats induced by triazophos (TZ). In the experimental setup, six groups of rats were formed; Control (group 1), BE (group 2), TZ (group 3), and also BE+TZ groups such as BE1 (group 4), BE2 (group 5) and BE3 (group 6) groups. Body weight was weekly recorded of all the rats, while vaginal smear was observed daily during 30 days experiment. After sacrifice, oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers levels viz; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were determined along with histopathological and apoptotic observation. Results revealed differentially modified changes in OS biomarkers as CAT, SOD, GR, GPx, and GST, while LPO levels were significantly improved with broccoli supplementation compared to TZ group rats. Plasma progesterone and estradiol levels were also restored along with improved ovarian histoarchitecture among all BE+TZ treated rats. Reduced apoptotic granulosa cells with reduced atresia and normal ovarian surface epithelium height were also observed with BE treatment. BE exerts multi-mechanistic protective effects against TZ induced ovarian toxicity which is attributable to its antioxidant and protective actions.</jats:p

Estimation of Software Development Effort from Requirements Based Complexity

AbstractSoftware development effort estimation deals with predicting the effort required to develop quality software. The efficient software development requires accurate estimates, because inappropriate estimates causes’ trouble during the implementation of software processes. Hence, this paper aims to propose a measure for the estimation of software development effort (SDE) on the basis of requirement based complexity of yet to be developed software. The requirement based complexity has its basis on software requirements specification (SRS) of the proposed software, in order to carry out a systematic and accurate estimation of SDE. For validation purpose, the proposed SDE measure is also categorically compared with various other established SDE estimation practices proposed in the past like algorithmic models, function point count, use case point and lines of code (LOC). The result obtained validates the claim that the proposed SDE measure is systematic, comprehensive one and compares well with other prevalent SDE measures. Hence, it is even more useful because the complexity and SDE estimates are obtained at very early stage of software development life cycle (SDLC) as compared to other software development effort practices proposed in the past

Natural language based component extraction from requirement engineering document and its complexity analysis

Requirement engineering document (IEEE-830: 1998) plays a very significant role in software development. The size and complexity of software systems are continuously increasing. As scale changes to more complex and larger systems, new problems occur that did not exist in smaller systems This leads to redefining priorities of the activities that go into developing software. As systems ges complex, it becomes evident that the goals of the entire system can't be easily comprehended. Hence the need of more rigorous requirement analysis arises. The requirement analyst has to identify the requirements by using various methods like interviews, brainstorming, FAST (facilitated application specification techniques), quality function deployment, use-case etc. To overcome these issues, this paper proposes object based semi-automated system that categorize the requirements and further identifies the component based on requirement engineering document in a component library and further analyses the complexity of components and its usage.</jats:p

Synthesis, crystal structure and DFT calculations of copper(I) complex of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde-N¹- methylthiosemicarbazone

1138-1143Copper(I) halides (I, Br, Cl) reacted with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde-N1-methylthiosemicarbazone (L = 2-NO2-Hbtsc-N1-Me) and triphenylphosphine in 1:1:2 (M:L:Ph3P) molar ratio to form stoichiometric complexes, [CuX(η1-S-2-NO2-Hbtsc-N1-Me)(Ph3P)2] (X  = I (1), Br (2), Cl (3)). Formation of these complexes has been confirmed by elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR. The X-ray structure of complex 1, showed the presence of two molecules with slightly different bond parameters. Geometry around copper(I) center is distorted tetrahedral. Two molecules are interconnected by H-bonding between imino nitrogen N(14) of one molecule and phenyl hydrogen of one of the triphenylphospine molecules of the second molecule, {H(14)N...HC, 2.701 Å, N...H-C, 156.85°) forming a H-bonded dimer. The geometry of the thione ligated copper(I) complex was optimized in gas phase by employing B3LYP/6-31G(d, p) method using Gaussian 09 software package. The optimized geometry of the copper(I) complex displays similar structure as that of the crystal structure of complex 1.</strong