COMPLETE CHARACTERIZATION OF BAGASSE OF EARLY SPECIES OF SACCHARUM OFFICINERUM-CO 89003 FOR PULP AND PAPER MAKING

Bagasse from early species of Saccharum officinerum-Co 89003 has 71.36% useful, long, and thick-walled fibers with good slenderness ratio, but the rigidity coefficient is less than that of Eucalyptus tereticornis and Leucaena leucocephala. The kink index and kink per mm length are lower in bagasse fiber than E. terticornis, which gives rise to fewer weak points in the fiber. Low alcohol–benzene soluble substances in bagasse induce less pitch problems and favor more homogeneity in the paper. Lignin content in bagasse is comparable to Eucalyptus globulus and Leucaena leucocephala, but α-cellulose, and pentosans are slightly lower. A higher proportion of carbon content compared to hydrogen and oxygen increases the energy value of bagasse. It produces 42.2% pulp yield of kappa number 28.2 at optimum cooking conditions, such as active alkali 12% (as Na2O), temperature 150oC, and time (at temperature) 60 min. An addition of 0.1% anthraquinone at the optimum condition improves pulp yield by 2.6% and mitigates kappa number by 3.9 units

STUDIES ON HIBISCUS CANNABINUS, HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA, AND CANNABINUS SATIVA PULP TO BE A SUBSTITUTE FOR SOFTWOOD PULP- PART 2: SAS-AQ AND NSSC-AQ DELIGNIFICATION PROCESSES

Hibiscus cannabinus, Cannabis sativa, and Hibiscus sabdariffa, fast growing productive annual plants, could provide fiber necessary to partially alleviate the world’s fiber deficit. The present study aimed at producing high yield pulp and the best mechanical strength properties with minimum impact on environment by SAS-AQ, and NSSC-AQ pulping processes. A total alkali of 13% (as Na2O), an alkali ratio of 0.80, and a Na2SO3 charge 11.70% (as Na2O) were found optimum to reduce maximum kappa number. A lower kappa number and good strength properties were achieved by increasing total alkali and Na2SO3 charge. SAS-AQ pulps showed good response towards CEHH bleaching. The NSSC-AQ pulping was conducted at a total alkali charge of 8% (as Na2O) by varying the ratio of sulphite-to-carbonate (100:0-0:100), and cooking time (60-120 min) at 1600C. A ratio of sulphite-to-carbonate 60:40 was suitable for corrugating medium (cooking time 60 min), while a ratio of sulphite-to-carbonate 70:30 showed better strength properties (longer cooking time)

ANTHRAQUINONE AND TWEEN 20 BASED KRAFT PULPING TECHNOLOGY FOR L. LEUCOCEPHALA AND C. EQUISETIFOLIA

ABSTRACT The effects of addition of anthraquinone (AQ) and surfactant (Tween 20) individually and in combination were evaluated in kraft pulping of L. leucocephala and C. equisetifolia. The addition of AQ at a dose of 0.05% in combination with 0.05% Tween 20 increased the screened pulp yield by 4.3% and reduced the screening rejects and the pulp kappa number by 1.8% and 4.2 units respectively, for L. leucocephala. For C. equisetifolia kraft pulping, the optimum dose of AQ and Tween 20 combination is 0.05 and 0.1%, and the respective increase in screened pulp yield is 4.9% along with an associated decrease in screening rejects and pulp kappa number by 3.7% and 5.1 units, as compared to control. Keywords: C. equisetifolia; L. leucocephala; Surfactant; AQ; Kraft pulping. INTRODUCTION During the past few decades, a large number of digester additives have been used to improve pulping productivity MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials Screened wood chips of L. leucocephala and C. equisetifolia were procured from ITC limited, Bhadrachalam, Andhra Pradesh, India. The chips were stored in separate polythene bags for attaining uniform moisture after mixing thoroughly, and were used as raw materials for preparation of kraft pulps. Methods Poonam et al./ International Journal of Engineering & Science Research Copyright © 2013 Published by IJESR. All rights reserved 809 Kraft Pulping Process The cellulose pulps from L. leucocephala and C. equisetifolia were obtained using a WEVERK electrically heated rotary digester of 0.02 m 3 capacity having four bombs of one liter capacity each. The wood chips and the white liquor were introduced into the bombs, and the bombs were sealed and placed into the digester for cooking at different conditions, as per requirement of the experiment. At the end of cooking, pressure was released quickly to obtain low pressure level, and the bombs were placed in water tank for cooling. Following cooking, the pulps were separated from the liquor by washing the pulps on a laboratory flat stationary screen having 300 mesh size wire bottom. After washing, the total pulp yields were determined and the pulps were disintegrated for 3 min at 2500 rpm and then screened through WEVERK vibratory flat screen with 0.15 mm slot size in order to isolate the uncooked materials (screening rejects). The screened pulps were then pressed, squeezed, and analyzed for screened pulp yield, kappa number (TAPPI T 236 cm-85) and viscosity (TAPPI T 230 om-04) (2). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect of AQ and Tween 20 In an another set of experiments, the screened pulp yield is increased by 1.6%, and screening rejects and pulp kappa number are decreased by 1.4% and 2.8 units respectively, with the addition of Tween 20 at a dose of 0.1% during kraft pulping of L. leucocephala. The addition of non-ionic surfactant-based additives (like Tween 20) reduces the surface tension forces between the liquor and wood chip and therefore, it improves the wetting of wood-chip's surfaces CONCLUSION This work demonstrated that AQ and surfactant individually and in combination were effective in increasing the screened pulp yields and decreasing the pulp kappa number with screening rejects of L. leucocephala and C. equisetifolia. The results showed that optimum benefits in L. leucocephala pulping can be obtained at an AQ and Tween 20 dose of 0.05% each while, for C. equisetifolia, the optimum dose of AQ and Tween 20 were 0.05% and 0.1%. When AQ and Tween 20 were used in combination, the increase in screened pulp yield was 4.3% for L. leucocephala and 4.9% for C. equisetifolia. The kappa number was decreased significantly by using AQ and Tween 20 in a combination program. A decrease of 4.2 and 5.1 units was observed in kappa number of L. leucocephala and C. equisetifolia, respectively. The screening rejects were also reduced by 1.8 and 3.7% for L. leucocephala and C. equisetifolia pulps, respectively. Acknowledgements Financial support from Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), New Delhi, India, is gratefully acknowledged

A comparative study of conventional chemical deinking and environment-friendly bio-deinking of mixed office wastepaper

Bio-deinking is an environmentally friendly process that improves the pulp and paper properties and reduces chemical consumption during the recycling of waste paper. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of enzyme by Penicillium sp. AKB-24. Chemical deinking of MOW showed freeness (CSF), pulp brightness (ISO), deinking efficiency, and dirt count by 426±4 ml, 75.55±0.1%, 82.13±0.7%, and 733±24 mm2/m2 respectively at optimum repulping parameters. The physical strength properties including burst index, tear index, tensile index and double fold numbers were found 2.97±0.14 kPa.m2/g, 11.14±0.61 mN.m2/g, 46.60±1.99 N.m/g, and 36±2 respectively during chemical deinking of MOW. The deinking chemicals including NaOH, Na2SiO3, and H2O2 were replaced with crude enzyme by Penicillium sp. AKB-24 during enzymatic deinking of MOW. Enzymatic deinking of MOW resulted in an improvement in pulp freeness by 18.30% compared to chemical deinking while the dirt count value decreased by 32.60% during enzymatic deinking of MOW. Physical strength properties such as burst index, tensile index, and double fold numbers were improved by 16.07%, 14.54% and 8.57% respectively while tear index was decreased by 11.61% during enzymatic deinking of MOW compared to chemical deinking

Studies on <i>Ipomea carnea </i>and <i>Cannabis sativa </i>as an alternative pulp blend for softwood: Optimization of soda pulping process

460-467This study presents a blend of Cannabis sativa and Ipomea carnea as a substitute to softwood for soda pulping. Optimizedsoda pulping conditions are: active alkali, 16% (as Na2O); max. temp., 165°C; time (at 165°C) 180 min; and liquor to wood ratio,C. sativa, 3.5:1 &amp; I. carnea, 4.0:1. Screened pulp yields were: I. carnea, 47.86% (kappa number 34); and C. sativa, 49.50% (kappanumber 33). Anthraquinone (AQ, 0.1%) also improves pulp yield and reduces kappa number, respectively, for: I. carnea, 0.24%,8 units; and C. sativa, 0.24%, 4 units. At same chlorine demand (5.80%), pulp brightness improved of I. carnea (87.1%) and C.sativa (84%) by CEHH bleaching sequence. Therefore, I. carnea fibers may be used as brightness improver of pulp

Comparison of various eucalyptus species for their morphological, chemical, pulp and paper making characteristics

145-151Eleven eucalyptus species are characterized for morphological, chemical, pulp and paper-making characteristics to get high pulp yield of good strength through social forestry in north Indian topological conditions. Eucalyptus grandis of Bhadrachalam and Saharanpur origins give very good fibre dimensions, especially slenderness ratio, which is directly comparable to Pinus kesiya. Other eucalyptus species have shorter fibres and narrow lumen with thick wall resulting to poorer flexibility, higher Runkel ratio and rigidity coefficient. The chemical analysis of eucalyptus species reveal satisfactory levels of holocellulose (except Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and Klason lignin content (30%) (except Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. ‒348 hybrid). Relatively increased (>25%) lignin content except E. ‒413 (hybrid) might require additional pulping time and chemical charge compared to other species. Kappa number (48%) and higher strength properties of E. grandis of Bhadrachalam and Saharanpur origins, Eucalyptus torrelliana, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus alba showed their suitability for social forestry

Revolutionizing urban Waste: Eco-Innovation for Saharanpur's sustainability (Class-II urban Centers)

A major obstacle to sustainable city growth in the context of growing urbanization is efficient wastewater treatment. This study analyzes the current wastewater concerns, with a focus on Saharanpur, a class-II city facing unique challenges because of its limited infrastructure. It emphasizes the repercussions on the environment and human health as well as the lack of suitable healthcare and infrastructure. Incorporating design considerations, treatment methodologies, and resource recovery strategies, the research suggests a customized wastewater treatment framework for Class-II cities. In order to overcome both financial and cultural barriers, the decentralized sewage treatment plants (STPs) employ a staged approach that involves stakeholder engagement. The results provide innovative ideas and useful insights to manage sewage difficulties, underscoring the city's pressing need for increased environmental resilience and wastewater sustainability. Predicted sewage generation data over time horizons in key zones (Praduman Nagar, Nazirpura &amp; Badshapur) emphasize the need for timely interventions and offer Class-II cities a comprehensive plan to enhance their wastewater management in the face of urban growth

Catalyzing paradigm shifts in global waste Management: A case study of Saharanpur Smart city

Waste management is a global issue of the utmost importance since rising waste water poses major dangers to both environmental sustainability and public health. The concept of decentralized waste management is thoroughly introduced in this essay, and its current status in various parts of the world is also examined in detail. In order to shed light on potential advancements and trends in waste management practices, it examines the numerous strategies and actions employed in various locales to manage garbage locally. In addition, this paper analyzes and examines persistent gaps and disparities in decentralized waste management across numerous countries and areas. It highlights the disparities between infrastructure, technological adoption, statutory frameworks, and socioeconomic elements that make waste management operations

ECF AND TCF BLEACHING OF SACCHARUM OFFICINERUM-CO89003 BAGASSE SODA-AQ PULP WITH ALKALI-THERMOTOLERANT CRUDE XYLANASE FROM COPRINELLUS DISSEMINATUS SW-1 NTCC1165

An alkali-thermo-tolerant crude xylanase from Coprinellus disseminatus SW-1 NTCC1165 produced under solid-state fermentation conditions improves the brightness of sugarcane bagasse soda-AQ pulp by 7.3, 4.7, 6.1, and 8.2% in XODED, XOD(EOP)DP, OX(EOP)P, and XO(EOP)P bleaching sequences, respectively, at an enzyme dose of 8IU/g, a reaction time of 120 min, a consistency of 10%, and a pH of 6.4 at 55 °C. An improvement in brightness by 2.1% for pulp bleached by XO(EOP)P compared to OX(EOP)P sequence validates that xylanase treatment is more effective for hydrolysing lignin-carbohydrates complexes before oxygen treatment. AOX after XODED and XOD(EOP)DP sequences is reduced by 41.43 and 40%, respectively, compared to controls, but an increase in COD and color in studied bleaching sequences is attributable to the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses and the release of lignin-carbohydrates complexes after xylanase treatment. Xylanase treatment modifies fibre surface by introducing cracks, peelings, swelling, and external fibrillation, which facilitates faster penetration of bleach chemicals by disrupting physical barriers, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy