A comprehensive review of 3D printing techniques for biomaterial-based scaffold fabrication in bone tissue engineering

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is developing as a dominant tool for biomedical engineering by supporting 3D cell culture within compound 3D biomimetic buildings. Biomaterial and Tissue engineering has developed as a favorable alternative method in the treatment of bones, teeth, and organs. This paper summarizes the current research status and attention of the 3D biomaterials scaffolds in bone tissue engineering applications. Several 3D scaffolds fabricated from several types of biodegradable materials have been established. The crucial topics of 3D printing techniques are recognized and deliberated with the future improvement of innovative biomaterials. There has been a prompt development in the applications of 3D printing in engineering customized implants, drug delivery devices, prostheses, and 3D scaffolds for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Medical 3D printing technologies are classified into the following categories: Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Extrusion-based 3D bioprinting, Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)/Selective Laser melting (SLM), Electron Beam Manufacturing (EBM), Stereolithography (SLA) and Digital Light Processing (DLP) printing techniques, and their clinical applications, different types of biomaterials currently used by researchers, and key limitations are discussed in detail. In Addition, the most advanced and commonly used metals, bioceramics, polymers, and composites in tissue engineering are briefly reviewed as well

Exfoliation of graphite as flexible SERS substrate with high dye adsorption capacity for Rhodamine 6G

Adsorption is one of the most important processes in wastewater treatment, especially for dye removal. In addition to adsorption, there must be a vigilant technique, such as Surface Enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), for detection of low concentration of dye molecules to detect water foiling. Herein, we report a simple, low cost, rapid and efficient technique for the production of exfoliated graphite (EG) under microwave irradiation at 800 W in 1 min, as excellent adsorption material for Rhodamine 6G (R6G) dye. The effect of adsorption process parameters such as pH, contact time, isotherm models (Langmuir and Freundlich) and kinetic models (pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order) on dye removal under aqueous solutions, were investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity for R6G dye is 212.72 (+/- 5.3) mg/g. Meanwhile compressing of EG, into a flexible graphite sheet (FGS) demonstrates responsive SEAS for R6G molecules up to detection limit of 10(-7) mol/L. However, with silver nanoparticle incorporation, the detection limit increases up to 10(-)(12) mol/L. Performance of flexible sheet checked over a month by rubbing sheet through paper and cloth doesn't have any impact on the synthesis of exfoliated graphite. Aging factor of the sheet also shows reproducible SEAS spectra after a month. These are the highest reported values fill today, for adsorption of R6G dye on Exfoliated graphite, with reasonable SEAS detection

Highly efficient removal of toxic organic dyes, chemical solvents and oils by mesoporous exfoliated graphite: Synthesis and mechanism

Exfoliated graphite (EG) has been receiving much global attention in the last decade because of the growing number of potential applications. However, the production of EG has several disadvantages such as, requiring more than one chemical compound, consuming more chemical quantity, time and energy, etc. Here, we report a simple low cost one compound based rapid and efficient production of EG using microwave irradiation technique. As prepared EG material shows multifunctional outstanding performance including adsorption of various toxic organic dyes and absorption of various organic solvents, as well as, oils. The maximum adsorption capacity reaches 384.6 (+/- 10.2), 222.32 (+/- 8.6), 151.51 (+/- 9.2) and 196.08 (+/- 5.4) mg/g for malachite green (MG), methylene blue (MB), rhodamine 6 g (Rh6 g) and congo red (CR) dyes at equilibrium. It shows an efficient flow through filtration of dye contaminated water, showing potential as the best technique for industrial waste water treatment. It absorbs 40-120 g of various chemical solvents and oils per one gram of EG. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on single compound based rapid and efficient synthesis of EG in about one minute with multifunctional outstanding application performance

3D-printed Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Scaffold to augment cytocompatibility evaluation for load-bearing implant applications

In this work, we developed and analyzed a biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) bioceramic for bone regeneration using stereolithography (SLA). The SLA method is a promising additive manufacturing (AM) technique capable of creating BCp parts with high accuracy and efficiency. However, the ceramic suspension used in SLA exhibits significantly higher viscosity and is not environmentally friendly. Therefore, adequate preparation of a suspension with low viscosity and high solid loading is essential. In this paper, we optimized the effects of surfactant doses and solid loading on the BCp slurry, and initially examined the process parameters of photocuring, debinding, and sintering. The utilization of 9 wt % Disperbyk (BYK) with a 40 vol % loading of BCp bioceramics exhibited a reasonably low viscosity of 8.9 mPa·s at a shear level of 46.5 s−1. Functional and structural analyses confirmed that BCp was retained after photocuring and subsequent treatment, which were incorporated into the BYK dispersion. The 3D printed objects with different sintered temperatures, specifically at 1100 °C, 1200 °C, and 1300 °C, were further optimized. Additionally, the surface roughness, porosity, and mechanical properties of BCp green parts were systematically investigated. Most importantly, in vitro analysis of cell attachment, differentiation, and red alizarin analysis could support the application of bone regeneration