Focussed antenatal care a possible opportunity towards safe motherhood

Background: The Primary Health Care Setting gives a challenging opportunity for the clinicians to deal with pregnancy into favorable outcomes solely based on the clinical skills in view of innumerable socio-cultural-economic barriers. The Pregnant women make satisfactory progress-  to  full term, deliver  with  minimal morbidity, no loss of life and healthy baby-How to ensure? This is the objectives of our study. Suppose Obstetricians spare time, use checklist, Prioritize and provide care will it make any difference in saving mothers? Objectives: Describe in detail the process of Focused Antenatal Care as practiced in Primary Health Care setting and Minimize mortality and morbidity due to pregnancy by 25 percent from 169. (Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR 169).Methods: This is a community based descriptive, prospective, cohort study about a group of pregnant women till their delivery, using multiple cluster random sampling of 251 high risk pregnant women and subsequent follow up over 3 months with focused care. Compilation of data and analysis using SPSS Version 20.Results: Total Study participants 251 represented all the sections of target population with regard to socio-economic and cultural background. The participants attended FANC giving a response rate of 100%. These participants had one or more risk factor. All but 10 participants attended 4 or more FANC clinic visits 241 (96%). In these participants the commonest manageable morbid conditions are underweight (20%), anaemia (14%) preeclampsia (8%), eclampsia (2%) and gestational diabetes. In our finding 87% mothers completed full term pregnancy, 11.5% preterm (>28 but 2.5Kg, 13% Baby weight < 2.5 Kg. with an average of 2.9Kg.Conclusions: We are able to describe the Focused ANC and able to help improve the quality of life and to minimize morbidity and mortality in pregnant women

Noise Source Analysis for Simulated Turbulent Jets

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is an efficient computational approach to study turbulent flows and has seen increasing application to the study of jet noise. The main challenge of LES has been the realistic simulation of experiments at reasonable cost. Recent LES studies have been realistic enough to gain important insight into jet noise from the large amount of data generated. This study attempts to characterize the sources of noise from a turbulent jet via analysis of the LES results. Three different analysis tools are implemented. The first two are comparable to analyses used on experimental data: two-point cross-correlations between far-field pressure signals, and correlations of near-field density fluctuations with far-field pressure. The third analyzes a 2-D plane of flow field data over time and masks selected frequency components to highlight which flow features correspond to certain frequency ranges. Noise produced by the simulated jet shows similar directional behavior as has been found in experiments. Sound waves are shown to be more coherent at low angles to the downstream jet axis and more random at high angles. Separating the pressure fluctuations by frequency masking shows how noise at different frequencies corresponds to near-field flow structures and possibly shed light on the sources of noise. All three analyses support a model that posits two jet noise sources that behave in distinct ways

Fodder research embedded in a system of innovation

A 3-year project implemented in India and Nigeria addressed the issue of improving livelihoods of poor livestock keepers by improving availability of fodder. The original approach focused on testing of new crop varieties to be scaled up through partners using mechanisms such as farmer-to-farmer exchange and field days. As the project evolved, it became clearer that the systems were much more complex than originally thought with a wide range of actors involved. Although fodder technology is obviously a requirement to reduce fodder shortages, many of the problems are embedded in the institutions and policies that determine how technology is developed and delivered. To help address these issues, an innovation systems approach is proposed with a focus on building capacity within the system

Direct Numerical Simulation Of Turbulent Pressure Fluctuations Over A Cone At Mach 8

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) were conducted to characterize the pressure fluctuations under the turbulent portion of the boundary layer over a sharp 7◦ half-angle cone at a nominal freestream Mach number of 8 and a unit Reynolds number of Reunit = 13.4 x 106/m. The axisymmetric cone geometry and the flow conditions of the DNS matched those measured in the Sandia Hypersonic Wind Tunnel at Mach 8 (Sandia HWT-8). The DNS-predicted wall pressure statistics, including the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) fluctuations and the power spectral density (PSD), were compared with those measured in the Sandia HWT-8. A good comparison between the DNS and the experiment was shown for the r.m.s. and PSD of wall-pressure fluctuations after spatial averaging was applied to the DNS data over an area similar to the sensing area of the transducer. The finite size of the PCB132 transducer, with a finite sensing area of d+ ≈ 50, caused significant spectral attenuation at high frequencies in the experimentally measured PSD, and the loss in sensor resolution resulted in an approximately 27% reduction in r.m.s. pressure fluctuations. The attenuation due to finite sensor sizes has only a small influence on wall-pressure coherence, as indicated by the good comparisons between the DNS without spatial filtering and the experiment for transducers with either streamwise or spanwise separations. The characteristics of turbulent pressure fluctuations at the cone surface were also compared with those over a flat plate and at the wind-tunnel nozzle wall to assess the effect of flow configurations on the scaling relations of turbulent pressure fluctuations. The inner scale was found to successfully collapse wall-pressure PSD of the cone with those over a nozzle wall and on a flat plate at a similar freestream Mach number. For all the three flow configurations, the Corcos model was found to deliver good predictions of wall pressure coherence over intermediate and high frequencies, and the Corcos parameters for the streamwise and spanwise coherence at Mach 8 were found to be similar to those reported in the literature at lower supersonic Mach numbers