Pitting Stochastic Study in Airframe Aluminium Alloy using Non-linear Ultrasonic

Pitting corrosion is considered to be one of the principal degradation mechanisms for high-strength aluminum alloys. The aircraft airframe has been the most demanding application for aluminum alloys. The combined effects of corrosion and cyclic loading have been shown to produce cracks from corrosion pits and pits have frequently been the source of cracks on aircraft components operating in fleets. Once the pit or group of pits form, the rate of pit growth is dependent mainly on the material, environmental conditions and type and state of stress. Therefore, to estimate the total corrosion fatigue life of a component, it is of great importance to develop realistic models to establish the component life in these situations and to formulate methods by which designers and operators know likely sources of pitting early in the design and fleet operation. There are certain gaps in knowledge with regards to life prediction for pitting initiated fatigue. The need is to gauge the extent of pitting damage of a component or material non-destructively and predict the remaining life through superimposition of the pertinent operational, environmental and material parameters. However, a foolproof non-destructive means to characterize and three-dimensionally map pits is not available. The pitting phenomenon has to be analyzed statistically and the kinetics of pitting assessed through a change in the statistical distribution parameter of pits rather than deterministic equations relating pit dimensions to time. In this work we have applied high frequency ultrasonic and non-linear ultrasonic to assess the damage due to pitting and attempt has been made to establish correlations between this non-destructive tools and pit stochastic

Evaluation of the incidence and outcome of gestational diabetes mellitus using the current international consensus guidelines for diagnosing hyperglycaemia in pregnancy

Background: GDM is defined as carbohydrate intolerance of variable severity with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. It may be appropriate to screen pregnant women belonging to high-risk populations during the first trimester of pregnancy in order to detect previously undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus. Formal systematic testing for Gestational Diabetes is usually done between 24 to 28 weeks of gestation. Even though there are many diagnostic criteria and guidelines for management of GDM, there still exists lack of consensus regarding diagnosis and management of patients with GDM. After HAPO study, IADPSG has formulated a new consensus guideline for diagnosing hyperglycaemia in pregnancy which has formed the back bone for this particular study.Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out for a period of one year from July 2014 to Jun 2015 at AFMC, Pune in Dept. of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. To determine if gestational diabetes is present in pregnant women, a standard OGTT was performed with 75 g glucose. The incidence of GDM in antenatal population visiting AFMC, Pune was calculated. Maternal and neonatal outcome was observed and was compared with those of euglycaemic antenatal population.Results: The incidence of GDM in the antenatal population visiting AFMC, Pune was found to be 12.4%. Family history of Diabetes among first degree relatives is the commonest risk factor associated with GDM. It was found that, with adequate glycaemic control, most of the maternal as well as neonatal complications associated with GDM can be reduced to a level comparable with euglycaemic antenatal population.Conclusions: The new international consensus guideline in diagnosing GDM has shown an incidence of GDM comparable with other criteria for diagnosing GDM. Ensuring an adequate glycaemic control throughout the antenatal period alleviates most of the maternal and neonatal complications associated with GDM

Barrow Holographic Dark Energy in Brane World Cosmology

Cosmological features of Barrow Holographic Dark Energy (BHDE), a recent generalization of original Holographic dark energy with a richer structure, are studied in the context of DGP brane, RS II brane-world, and the cyclic universe. It is found that a flat FRW scenario with pressure less dust and a dark energy component described as BHDE can produce late time acceleration with Hubble horizon considered as infrared cut off even in absence of any interaction between the dark sectors. BHDE parameter is found to have a significant impact on the evolution of the universe and a classically stable model can not always be obtained.Comment: uses article class, 20 pages, 12 figures, (v2) typo corrected, reference adde

Systematizing the approach to air quality measurement and analysis in low and middle income countries

Peer reviewe

Green Chemo-Prevention: An Integrated Review Between Agriculture and Medicine

The isothiocyanate's chemoprevention properties are reported to be present in cruciferous veggies through a variety of mechanisms. Sulforaphane, a phytochemical found in green leafy vegetables, has shown promise in the prevention and treatment of several cancers, including those of the prostate, breast, colon, skin, urinary bladder, and oral cavities. These malignancies include those that affect these organs. This substance is naturally present in broccoli sprouts, kale, cabbage, cauliflower, and garden cress. Broccoli should be a regular part of your diet because it contains a variety of bioactive substances such as vitamins, polyphenols, sulfides, glucosinolates, and antioxidants. Sulforaphane may be used as an inexpensive replacement or dietary supplement for chemo preventive therapy, according to the findings of epidemiological and experimental studies. Phase 2 detoxification enzymes like glutathione transferases, epoxide hydrolase, NAD(P)H: quinone reductase, and glucuronosyltransferases, as well as epoxide hydrolase and epoxide hydrolase, are produced when the body is stimulated. This is a useful tactic for preventing cancer and fending off the harm that electrophiles and reactive oxygen species can cause. Isothiocyanates are widely distributed in the Cruciferae family and Brassica genus of food plants, which include both broccoli and cauliflower. The most typical form of these substances is glucosinolate precursors. Sulforaphane and 4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate, two of these isothiocyanates, are particularly powerful inducers of phase 2 enzymes. It is feasible to successfully extract glucosinolates and isothiocyanates from plants by homogenizing them at a temperature of around 50 degrees Celsius in a solution of equal parts dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, and acetonitrile. This method avoids the hydrolysis of glucosinolates by myrosinase.   It's interesting to note that glucoraphanin, the precursor to sulforaphane, is 10–100 times more abundant in 3-day-old sprouts of various cruciferous vegetables, including broccoli and cauliflower than it is in fully grown veggies. Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-treated rats displayed notable reductions in mammary tumor occurrence, quantity, and rate of growth when fed extracts from 3-day-old broccoli sprouts. These extracts' primary enzyme-inducing components were either glucoraphanin or sulforaphane. As a result, crucifer sprouts might provide an equivalent amount of cancer prevention to eating far larger quantities of the same mature vegetable species

Genetic Signatures in the Envelope Glycoproteins of HIV-1 that Associate with Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies

A steady increase in knowledge of the molecular and antigenic structure of the gp120 and gp41 HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) is yielding important new insights for vaccine design, but it has been difficult to translate this information to an immunogen that elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies. To help bridge this gap, we used phylogenetically corrected statistical methods to identify amino acid signature patterns in Envs derived from people who have made potently neutralizing antibodies, with the hypothesis that these Envs may share common features that would be useful for incorporation in a vaccine immunogen. Before attempting this, essentially as a control, we explored the utility of our computational methods for defining signatures of complex neutralization phenotypes by analyzing Env sequences from 251 clonal viruses that were differentially sensitive to neutralization by the well-characterized gp120-specific monoclonal antibody, b12. We identified ten b12-neutralization signatures, including seven either in the b12-binding surface of gp120 or in the V2 region of gp120 that have been previously shown to impact b12 sensitivity. A simple algorithm based on the b12 signature pattern was predictive of b12 sensitivity/resistance in an additional blinded panel of 57 viruses. Upon obtaining these reassuring outcomes, we went on to apply these same computational methods to define signature patterns in Env from HIV-1 infected individuals who had potent, broadly neutralizing responses. We analyzed a checkerboard-style neutralization dataset with sera from 69 HIV-1-infected individuals tested against a panel of 25 different Envs. Distinct clusters of sera with high and low neutralization potencies were identified. Six signature positions in Env sequences obtained from the 69 samples were found to be strongly associated with either the high or low potency responses. Five sites were in the CD4-induced coreceptor binding site of gp120, suggesting an important role for this region in the elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibody responses against HIV-1

Measuring the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: a baseline analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

BACKGROUND: In September, 2015, the UN General Assembly established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs specify 17 universal goals, 169 targets, and 230 indicators leading up to 2030 ..