Electron transfer and subsequent reactions during electrochemical oxidation of aryl- and alkylthio derivatives of mucochloric acid

The electrochemical oxidation of aryl- and alkylthio derivatives of mucochloric acid (3,4-dichloro-5-hydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one) in MeCN-Bu 4NBF4 (0.1 mol L-1) was investigated. It was shown that all sulfides are electrochemically active, from one to five oxidation steps of sulfur-containing groups were observed for them. The ease and direction of oxidation of the thio group depend on its nature and position in the furanone ring. 3-Substituted 2(5H)-furanones possess the lowest oxidation potential. 4-Substituted 2(5H)-furanones are predominantly oxidized to sulfoxides, 5-aryl- and -alkylthio derivatives undergo fragmentation to give mucochloric acid, and 3-arylthio derivative gives complex unidentified mixture of products. In the case of 3,4-bis(4-methylphenylthio) derivative, the oxidation product of the arylthio group at the 3 position to the corresponding sulfoxide was isolated. Based on the data from cyclic voltammetry with different concentrations of a substrate and water added, the results of preparative electrolysis and quantum chemical calculations, possible mechanisms of electrochemical oxidation of mucochloric acid-derived sulfides are discussed. The initial common step is a reversible single-electron transfer from the substrate molecule to form highly reactive radical cation. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc

Strategic Planning of Regional Forest Development Based on the Principles of Green Economy.

В последние десятилетия обострились проблемы поиска направлений рационального использования природных ресурсов, устойчивого развития экосистем, одним из базовых элементов которых остаются леса. Проблемы развития лесного хозяйства диктуют необходимость разработки новых подходов к формированию стратегии развития лесного хозяйства в соответствии с принципами зеленой экономики, в том числе на уровне отдельных регионов. В настоящей статье представлены разработанные авторами основные положения концепции стратегического управления лесным хозяйством региона с позиции устойчивого развития, ключевыми из которых являются учет доходно-ресурсного потенциала системы лесопользования региона при планировании его социально-экономического развития и достижение баланса между лесоосвоением и лесовосстановлением. В связи с чем сформулированы ключевые параметры выбора стратегических альтернатив развития: уровень интенсивности лесопользования (лесоосвоения) и уровень лесовосстановления. Фиксация значений показателей по конкретным территориальным единицам лесохозяйствования позволяет построить карту позиционирования как основу для разработки дорожных карт их стратегического развития. Предложенный подход апробирован на основе данных о лесничествах Иркутской области министерства лесного хозяйства Иркутской области и министерства природных ресурсов и экологии Иркутской области. Отмечается, что в последние десятилетия лесное хозяйство Иркутской области направлено на увеличение темпов роста лесодобычи. При этом наблюдаются чрезмерная интенсивность и бессистемность заготовки древесины при неэффективном воспроизводстве и низкой продуктивности лесов, усугубляемые масштабными пожарами. Карта позиционирования региональных лесничеств наглядно продемонстрировала, что стратегические позиции более половины территориальных единиц лесопользования Иркутской области являются неоптимальными для реализации стратегии устойчивого развития лесного хозяйства региона в рамках зеленой экономики.In recent decades, the issues of rational use of natural resources and sustainable development of ecosystems (where forests are an important element) became acute. Forest management requires new approaches in order to create a forestry development strategy in accordance with the principles of green economy, including at the regional level. The article presents conceptual provisions of strategic forest management of regions from the perspective of sustainable development. When planning the socio-economic development of a region, it is necessary to consider the revenue and resource potential of its forest management system and strive to achieve a balance between forest exploitation and reforestation. In this connection, the key parameters for choosing strategic alternatives are the intensity of forest use (forest exploitation) and reforestation. After recording the values of indicators for specific forest territorial units, we constructed a positioning map as the basis for strategic development maps. The proposed approach was tested using data on regional forestry retrieved from the Ministry of Forestry of the Irkutsk Region and Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Irkutsk region. Over the past decades, an increase in forest resource extraction in the Irkutsk region was noted. Regional forest development is characterised by excessive intensity and irregularity of timber harvest, as well as by ineffective reproduction and low productivity of forests, aggravated by large-scale fires. The positioning map of regional forestry in the Irkutsk region clearly demonstrates that the forestry development strategy based on the principles of green economy cannot be implemented in more than half of forest territorial units due to their strategic positioning

Structural diversity of interaction products of mucochloric acid and its derivatives with 1,2-ethanedithiol

The synthesis and characterization of previously unknown sulfur-containing products from the reaction of mucochloric acid (3,4-dichloro-5-hydroxy-2(5H)- furanone) and its 5-alkoxy derivatives with 1,2-ethanedithiol is reported. Under basic and acidic conditions both SH-groups of the reagent show nucleophilic activity, leading to the formation of substitution products of different structural types. Novel fused (7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro[1,4]dithiino[2,3-c]furan- 5(7H)-one) and spiro (9-chloro-6-methoxy-7-oxa-1,4-dithiaspiro[4.4]nonan-8-one) bicyclic compounds, as well as various bis-thioethers have been obtained and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Synthesis of novel arylthio derivatives of mucochloric acid

Stable reaction products of mucochloric acid with aromatic and heterocyclic thiols were synthesized and characterized. Under basic conditions the reactions proceeded with the substitution of the chlorine atom(s) by arylthiogroup(s), while in an acidic medium the hydroxy group at C5 was substituted. Different types of new sulfur-containing products of di- and trisubstitution on the basis of mucochloric acid were obtained. In one case a new acyclic product - di-p-tolyl-2,3-bis-(p-tolylthio)butanedithioate - was isolated. The structure of all synthesized compounds was confirmed by IR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy; three compounds were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

ELECTROCATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF PALLADIUM (II) ORGANIC COMPLEXES IN THE NESPHERE ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE

The aim of this work was to study the electrocatalytic properties of palladium (II) com-plexes immobilized on the surface of a working electrode in a neutral medium in relation to the electrochemical oxidation of glucose.Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского Научного Фонда (проект № 20-13-00142)

Electron transfer and subsequent reactions during electrochemical oxidation of aryl- and alkylthio derivatives of mucochloric acid

The electrochemical oxidation of aryl- and alkylthio derivatives of mucochloric acid (3,4-dichloro-5-hydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one) in MeCN-Bu 4NBF4 (0.1 mol L-1) was investigated. It was shown that all sulfides are electrochemically active, from one to five oxidation steps of sulfur-containing groups were observed for them. The ease and direction of oxidation of the thio group depend on its nature and position in the furanone ring. 3-Substituted 2(5H)-furanones possess the lowest oxidation potential. 4-Substituted 2(5H)-furanones are predominantly oxidized to sulfoxides, 5-aryl- and -alkylthio derivatives undergo fragmentation to give mucochloric acid, and 3-arylthio derivative gives complex unidentified mixture of products. In the case of 3,4-bis(4-methylphenylthio) derivative, the oxidation product of the arylthio group at the 3 position to the corresponding sulfoxide was isolated. Based on the data from cyclic voltammetry with different concentrations of a substrate and water added, the results of preparative electrolysis and quantum chemical calculations, possible mechanisms of electrochemical oxidation of mucochloric acid-derived sulfides are discussed. The initial common step is a reversible single-electron transfer from the substrate molecule to form highly reactive radical cation. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc

Electron transfer and subsequent reactions during electrochemical oxidation of aryl- and alkylthio derivatives of mucochloric acid

The electrochemical oxidation of aryl- and alkylthio derivatives of mucochloric acid (3,4-dichloro-5-hydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one) in MeCN-Bu 4NBF4 (0.1 mol L-1) was investigated. It was shown that all sulfides are electrochemically active, from one to five oxidation steps of sulfur-containing groups were observed for them. The ease and direction of oxidation of the thio group depend on its nature and position in the furanone ring. 3-Substituted 2(5H)-furanones possess the lowest oxidation potential. 4-Substituted 2(5H)-furanones are predominantly oxidized to sulfoxides, 5-aryl- and -alkylthio derivatives undergo fragmentation to give mucochloric acid, and 3-arylthio derivative gives complex unidentified mixture of products. In the case of 3,4-bis(4-methylphenylthio) derivative, the oxidation product of the arylthio group at the 3 position to the corresponding sulfoxide was isolated. Based on the data from cyclic voltammetry with different concentrations of a substrate and water added, the results of preparative electrolysis and quantum chemical calculations, possible mechanisms of electrochemical oxidation of mucochloric acid-derived sulfides are discussed. The initial common step is a reversible single-electron transfer from the substrate molecule to form highly reactive radical cation. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc

Electron transfer and subsequent reactions during electrochemical oxidation of aryl- and alkylthio derivatives of mucochloric acid

The electrochemical oxidation of aryl- and alkylthio derivatives of mucochloric acid (3,4-dichloro-5-hydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one) in MeCN-Bu 4NBF4 (0.1 mol L-1) was investigated. It was shown that all sulfides are electrochemically active, from one to five oxidation steps of sulfur-containing groups were observed for them. The ease and direction of oxidation of the thio group depend on its nature and position in the furanone ring. 3-Substituted 2(5H)-furanones possess the lowest oxidation potential. 4-Substituted 2(5H)-furanones are predominantly oxidized to sulfoxides, 5-aryl- and -alkylthio derivatives undergo fragmentation to give mucochloric acid, and 3-arylthio derivative gives complex unidentified mixture of products. In the case of 3,4-bis(4-methylphenylthio) derivative, the oxidation product of the arylthio group at the 3 position to the corresponding sulfoxide was isolated. Based on the data from cyclic voltammetry with different concentrations of a substrate and water added, the results of preparative electrolysis and quantum chemical calculations, possible mechanisms of electrochemical oxidation of mucochloric acid-derived sulfides are discussed. The initial common step is a reversible single-electron transfer from the substrate molecule to form highly reactive radical cation. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc

Endometriosis management prior to IVF

Endometriosis affects up to 10% of reproductive-aged women; with higher prevalence among patients suffering from dysmenorrhea, infertility and chronic pelvic pain (CPP). Early detection is the basis of targeting at time therapy. Administration of GnRH-agonists (GnRHa) is limited with its safety and portability. Dienogest administration as the stage of preparation to in vitro fertilization (IVF) may provide the preparative pre-gravid reserve. Fifty-six infertile patients with adenomyosis and previous IVF failures were recruited for prospective cohort study. The treatment followed the unique algorithm created using clinical experience. Post-transfer support was also considered. The aims included evaluation of dienogest effectiveness for different stages of adenomyosis; working out the schemes of dienogest therapy prior to IVF; evaluation of IVF effectiveness after dienogest administration. Patients with adenomyosis grade I-II demonstrated encouraging results: normalisation of menstrual function in 68.6% cases; decreasing of CPP in 74.3% of patients; better uterine vascularisation in 48.6% cases; IVF effectiveness increased up to 48.6%. Thus, in cases of adenomyosis and previous IVF failures dienogest should be administrated prior to IVF, which results in higher IVF effectiveness. © 2015 © 2015 Taylor & Francis

2004–2016 Wintertime Atmospheric Blocking Events over Western Siberia and Their Effect on Surface Temperature Anomalies

Western Siberia is a large area in Northern Eurasia, which lies between the Urals and the Yenisei River. The atmospheric blocking events are not a frequent phenomenon in this region. Nevertheless, they noticeably affect the weather and living conditions of people there. We have investigated 14 winter blocking events, identified over Western Siberia, over 2004–2016, and have studied their effect on the surface temperature in this region. We have compared each of the 14 blocking events to the corresponding surface temperature anomalies in the north and in the south of Western Siberia. As a result, the temperature anomalies were separated into two groups: (1) dipole, with a positive surface temperature anomaly (or close to the norm) in the north, and with a negative anomaly (or close to the norm) in the south, and (2) non-dipole. Ten events were attributed to Group 1, four events were referred to Group 2. Analyzing the potential temperature on the dynamic tropopause (advection characteristic) showed that the Group 1 events feature strong advection over the investigated territory. In the non-dipole situations from Group 2 Western Siberia are away from strong blocking events