In vitro cell culture of Charybdis congesta for enhanced production of secondary metabolites: Proscillaridin A, Scillaren A and Scilliroside

Callus cultures of Charybdis congesta were initiated in vitro and the effect of growth regulators was tested on callus growth and secondary metabolite production. Among several standard media formulated for use in the present study, MS and B5 were found to be potentially active and facilitated the calculation of callus induction frequency (CIF). The CIF was higher in both MS (70%) and B5 (63%) media supplemented with 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (9.0 μM) and benzyl amino purine (BAP) (0.9 μM). However, with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (9.0 μM) and BAP (0.8 μM), less amount (22.6%) of CIF was observed in MS medium but no callus formation was noticed in B5 medium. Rapid high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) screening of callus extracts revealed that the callus established in MS medium supplemented with 4.5 μM NAA and 0.46 μM BAP produced the highest yield of Proscillaridin A (4.51 mg/g DW), Scilliroside (3.3 mg/g DW), Scillaren A (2.35 mg/g DW) and desacetylscilliroside (8.62 mg/g DW), which was higher than from the intact plants. The results obtained indicate that the in vitro cultures of C. congesta might be an excellent source of secondary metabolites and further metabolic profiling may provide insights into up scaling of the compounds which lead to greater commercial interest and continuous supply of cultures.Keywords: Squill, Charybdis congesta, bufadienolides, callus cultures, reflectance scanning densitometryAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(15), pp. 1754-17

Acute guinea-worm synovitis of the knee joint

Fourteen cases of acute guinea worm synovitis are described. The complete clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up are presented. That the guinea worm can cause a specific type of synovitis and that the causation of the synovitis is chemical in nature are demonstrated

STRATEGI PENERJEMAHAN ALEGORI DALAM TEKS SRIMAD BHAGAVATAM DARI BAHASA INGGRIS KE BAHASA INDONESIA

Penerjemahan secara umum dipahami sebagai suatu usaha untuk mengalihkan pesan dari bahasa sumber (BS) ke bahasa target (BT). Penerjemahan adalah pemindahan atau reproduksi suatu pesan dari BS ke dalam BT dengan padanan terdekatnya. Ukuran kesepadanan tersebut adalah kesepadanan makna atau kandungan isi dan kesepadanan gaya bahasanya. Selain itu, penerjemahan juga menyangkut pengalihan makna dari satu budaya ke budaya yang lain. Tulisan ini dimaksudkan untuk mendiskripsikan majas alegori yang terdapat dalam teks Srimad Bhagavatam dan terjemahannya ke bahasa Inggris. Selain itu tulisan ini juga dimaksudkan untuk melihat strategi penerjemahan yang diterapkan dalam penerjemahan majas alegori termasuk kesepadanan makna majas alegori pada teks Srimad Bhagavatam berbahasa Inggris dan terjemahannya dalam bahasa Indonesia. Tulisan ini secara teoriotis akan bermanfaat bagi dunia linguistik khususnya penerjemahan majas pada teks religi. Selain itu, secara praktis tulisan ini akan bermanfaat bagi setiap orang yang ingin memahami pengetahuan tentang Tuhan. Kata Kunci: Strategi penerjemahan, majas alegori, kesepadanan makn

Comparison of conventional and supported liquid extraction methods for the determination of sitagliptin and simvastatin in rat plasma by LCâESIâMS/MS

Three extraction methods were compared for their efficiency to analyze sitagliptin and simvastatin in rat plasma by LCâMS/MS, including (1) liquidâliquid extraction (LLE), (2) solid phase extraction (SPE) and (3) supported liquid extraction (SLE). Comparison of recoveries of analytes with different extraction methods revealed that SLE was the best extraction method. The detection was facilitated with ion trap-mass spectrometer by multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) in a positive ion mode with ESI. The transitions monitored were m/z 441.1â325.2 for simvastatin, 408.2â235.1 for sitagliptin and 278.1â260.1 for the IS. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.2 ng/mL for sitagliptin and 0.1 ng/mL for simvastatin. The effective SLE offers enhanced chromatographic selectivity, thus facilitating the potential utility of the method for routine analysis of biological samples along with pharmacokinetic studies. Keywords: Rat plasma, Simvastatin, Sitagliptin, Supported liquid extractio

LC–HRMS determination of piperine on rat dried blood spots: A pharmacokinetic study

A liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS) method was developed and validated for the determination of piperine (PPR) on dried blood spots (DBS). DBS samples were prepared by spiking the whole blood with analyte to produce 30 µL of blood spots on specimen collection cards. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Atlantis dC18 column using acetonitrile and water (0.1% formic acid) (85:15, v/v) as mobile phase in an isocratic mode of elution at a flow rate of 0.75 mL/min. MS detection was carried out in electrospray positive ion mode for the target ions and monitored at m/z 286.1465 for PPR and 272.1303 for the internal standard (IS). The developed method exhibited a linear dynamic range over 0.01–2000 ng/mL for PPR on DBS. The overall extraction recovery of PPR from DBS was 92.5%. Influence of hematocrit and spot volume on DBS was also evaluated and found to be well within the acceptable limits. The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of PPR in rats

NASKAH SENI PAKELIRAN: Lord Śiva Saves the Universe

The Supreme Personality of Godhead, appearing in His incarnation as a tortoise, dove deep into the ocean to carry Mandara Mountain on His back. At first the churning of the ocean produced kālakūṭa poison. Everyone feared this poison, but Lord Śiva satisfied them by drinking it. With the understanding that when the nectar was generated from the churning they would share it equally, the demigods and the demons brought Vāsuki to be used as the rope for the churning rod. By the expert arrangement of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the demons held the snake near the mouth, whereas the demigods held the tail of the great snake. Then, with great endeavor, they began pulling the snake in both directions. Because the churning rod, Mandara Mountain, was very heavy and was not held by any support in the water, it sank into the ocean, and in this way the prowess of both the demons and the demigods was vanquished. The Supreme Personality of Godhead then appeared in the form of a tortoise and supported Mandara Mountain on His back. Then the churning resumed with great force. As a result of the churning, a huge amount of poison was produced. The prajāpatis, seeing no one else to save them, approached Lord Śiva and offered him prayers full of truth. Lord Śiva is called Āśutoṣa because he is very pleased if one is a devotee. Therefore he easily agreed to drink all the poison generated by the churning. The goddess Durgā, Bhavānī, the wife of Lord Śiva, was not at all disturbed when Lord Śiva agreed to drink the poison, for she knew Lord Śiva’s prowess. Indeed, she expressed her pleasure at this agreement. Then Lord Śiva gathered the devastating poison, which was everywhere. He took it in his hand and drank it. After he drank the poison, his neck became bluish. A small quantity of the poison dropped from his hands to the ground, and it is because of this poison that there are poisonous snakes, scorpions, toxic plants and other poisonous things in this world