The effects of HIV and Tat treatments on the secretion of IL-18 and IL-18BP from IEC.

<p>The panels A and B show mean concentrations of IL-18 and IL-18BP, respectively, in the culture supernatants. The vertical line on each bar denotes standard deviation. The Tat used in these experiments was pre-treated with Tat-neutralizing antibodies (Neut Tat) or with control antibodies (Tat).</p

IL-18 and LPS activate caspase-1 and caspase-3 in HT-29 cells.

<p>The cell monolayers were treated with IL-18 (10 ng/ml) or with LPS (10 ng/ml) for 12 hours. Thereafter, the monolayers were washed with PBS, lysed and the activation of the caspases was determined on Western blots by using antibodies specific to the activated forms of the caspases. The Figure shows results from a representative of three independent experiments.</p

IL-18 increases expression of MLCK and pMLC via ROCK, and decreases that of phosphorylated STAT-5.

<p>HT29 cell monolayers were treated with IL-18 (10 ng/ml) and/or Tat (100 ng/ml) with or without a cell permeable inhibitor of ROCK (GSK429286A, 10μM; added 30 minutes prior to the addition of the cytokine). At the indicated time points, the cells were lysed. About 25 ug of the lysate proteins were resolved on SDS-PAGE and the Western blots were performed. Panel <b>A</b> shows results of a representative of three experiments for the expression of p-MLC. Panel <b>B</b> shows expression of MLCK after treatment of the monolayers with IL-18 (10 ng per ml) and/or with Tat (100 ng/ml) after 30 minutes. Panel <b>C</b> shows expression of pSTAT-5 and STAT-5 from IL-18 (10 ng per ml) and/or with Tat (100 ng per ml)-treated cells.</p

Association status of 59 GWAS reported UC/CD specific susceptibility loci in a north Indian UC cohort.

<p> <b>^a</b><b>Mc Govern, et al., Genome-wide association identifies multiple ulcerative colitis susceptibility loci (2010) Nat Genet.; 42(4):332–7.</b></p><p> <b>^b</b><b>Monomorphic.</b></p><p> <b>^c</b><b>SNPs not in the Illumina Human600W-Quad used in this study.</b></p><p>*<b>p<0.05.</b></p><p>**<b>Significant after Bonferroni correction.</b></p

Effects of oxidative stress on transcription factor NF-κB in Caco-2/15 cells.

<p>Caco-2/15 cells were incubated with Fe/Asc (200 µM/2 mM) and Trolox (0.25 mM) for 6 h at 37°C and/or with 5-AZA (10 µM). The protein expression of NF-κB (A, D) and IκB (B, E) were determined by western blot as described in Materials and Methods. Then the NF-κB/IκB was calculated (C, F). Results represent the means ± SEM of n = 3 independent experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. controls; ^#P<0.05, ^##P<0.01 vs. Fe/Asc.</p

List of significant (p<0.05) SNPs in and around IL23R gene.

<p>List of significant (p<0.05) SNPs in and around IL23R gene.</p

IL-18-induced cell death is partially inhibited by inhibitors of caspase-1 and caspase-3.

<p>HT29 cell monolayers were pre-treated with cell permeable inhibitors for caspase-1 (Z-YVAD-FMK), caspase-3 (Z-DQMD-FMK) or both (50 uM each) for 30 minutes. After 24 hours, the cells were collected and apoptosis was determined by staining with FITC-annexin V and PI. Panel <b>A</b> shows dot plots of the cells stained for Annexin V and PI. Panel <b>B</b> summarizes the results from three independent experiments by showing mean %ages ± SE.</p

Malondialdehyde concentrations in Caco-2/15 cells challenged with iron/ascorbate and/or Trolox.

<p>Caco-2/15 cells were exposed to Fe/Asc (200 µM/2 mM) and Trolox (0.25 mM) for 6 h at 37°C and/or with 5-AZA (10 µM). Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring MDA as an index of lipid peroxidation. Values are means ± SEM for three independent experiments. ***P<0.001 vs. controls; ^###P<0.001 vs. Fe/Asc.</p

IL-18 decreases TEER in Caco2 monolayers.

<p>The TEER was measured during 24 hours after addition of 10 ng/ml of IL-18, 10 ng/ml IL-1β or 100 ng/ml Tat to the cell monolayers. Note dramatic decrease of the TEER occurring at hour 6 post-exposure by both IL-18 and Tat. IL-1β causes a transient increase in the TEER followed by a decrease beginning at hour 14 post-exposure. TEER was measured by the Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing ECIS Zθ instrument and 8W10E+ electrode arrays were used.</p

The effects of HIV and Tat treatments on the secretion of IL-18 and IL-18BP from IEC.

<p>The panels A and B show mean concentrations of IL-18 and IL-18BP, respectively, in the culture supernatants. The vertical line on each bar denotes standard deviation. The Tat used in these experiments was pre-treated with Tat-neutralizing antibodies (Neut Tat) or with control antibodies (Tat).</p