Mahatma Gandhi: A Living Embodiment of Hindu-Christian Dialogue

I can only outline the main approach to this theme in the brief space available. I am aware that it would require a much more detailed and documented statement. I am also doing this exercise mostly under quotation marks to ensure authenticity. Even quotations, however, can be slippery and deceptive if torn out of their context and chronology. I can only hope that this summary statement will bear out closer scrutiny

Distribution of lactate between the corpuscles and the plasma in blood

1. The ratio of the concentration of lactate in the corpuscles to that in the plasma (C/P ratio) is 0.6-0.9 in the blood of resting animals (cat, horse, man). 2. In the blood of fatigued animals (cat, rabbit, man) it is reduced to 0.5-0.6. 3. This change in the C/P ratio is not due to a delay in the diffusion of lactate from the plasma into the corpuscles, nor to the presence, either in the corpuscles or plasma, of some indiffusible substance estimated as lactate. 4. The C/P ratio is raised by (a) increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide; (b) decreased partial pressure of oxygen; (c) increased H-ion concentration These facts lead to the conclusion that a "lactate shift" analogous to the "chloride shift" occurs during each respiratory cycle of the blood, which may become of importance in connexion with the buffering of the blood in conditions of severe oxygen debt. 5. The C/P ratio is reduced by an increased concentration of lactate in the whole blood. 6. The increased lactate content of the blood occurring in conditions of oxygen debt is shown to be more than sufficient to account for the fall observed in the C/P ratio. The discrepancy is at least partly explained by the opposing effects of the simultaneous changes in carbon dioxide and oxygen partial pressures

The distribution of lactate between the corpuscles and the plasma in the blood

Evidence has been accumulating in the laboratories of Henderson and Van Slyke to prove that blood is a physico-chemical system. The distribution of acid and basic ions in general and that of bicarbonate and chloride in particular have been studied in blood under varying conditions. Reduced and oxygenated blood under different conditions were subjected to different pressures of carbon dioxide and the behaviour of the various ions had been studied carefully. The Lactate ion, however, has not received the same attention by the workers in these laboratories. No doubt it is supposed that other acid ions behave like chloride in this respect. So far as the blood in resting subjects is concerned, the importance of chloride in the buffering mechanism is predominant, and the similar behaviour of other acid ions, lactate and phosphate, relatively small, for the amounts present in the blood are only 15 and 10 mg. per 100 cc. respectively as against 300 mg. of chloride. In the case of blood in fatigued subjects, though the phosphate is nearly doubled in concentration, its rôle may not be important; but the lactate which can on occasion increase to 200 mg. per 100 cc. may present a different case.The amount of lactate present in the blood has been estimated at 20 to 25 mg. per 100 co. in resting subjects.Recently H. Owles (1) and Noshi (2) have shown separately that the concentration of lactic acid in blood during rest is 10 to 12 mg. per 100 cc. In the literature (3) it is stated that the ratio of concentration of lactate in corpuscles to concentration of lactate in plasma is 0.60: Noshi gives the value 0.85 before and 0.45 after muscular exercise. He has not accounted for the different ratios obtained, but merely states that the plasma has a higher concentration than the corpuscles. The ratio of the concentration of lactic acid in corpuscles to that in plasma may differ in arterial and venous blood. Hill, Long and Lupton (4) in 1924 noticed that in human blood when the lactic acid has been liberated in the body as a result of muscular exercise the ratio is smaller; the concentration in the corpuscles is only about 43 per cent of that in the plasma. The ratio was not derived by direct estimation of lactic acid in the corpuscles but was calculated from the amounts of lactic acid present in the blood and in the plasma, assuming that the corpuscles make up 40 per cent of the whole blood. The different ratios for lactate arrived at by various workers may have some significance, especially in the light of the well -known phenomenon of the chloride shift. The unequal distribution of the lactate between plasma and corpuscles was not studied further by Hill, Long and Lupton, and the present work aims at a systematic study of the behaviour of lactate towards the corpuscles. The previous workers did not estimate the amount of lactic acid in the corpuscles directly. In the work presented here, however, this has been done.Recently Kerr (5) has noticed that the sodium and potassium ions can diffuse through the corpuscles, when they are suspended in Ringer solution; but the diffusion is hindered by the presence of serum. This peculiar property of serum needed to be studied in relation to the lactate ion. Therefore an attempt has been made to study the diffusion of lactate into the corpuscles, when they are suspended in serum and saline containing different amounts of sodium lactate.In addition, the present work takes into account the behaviour of the lactate in relation to muscle cells.Reference is often made to "lactate ratio" C/P and the ratio of concentration Of lactate in plasma to that in corpuscles, which mean, the ratio of the amount of lactate in 100 gms. of corpuscles to the amount of lactate in 100 gms. of plasma

AMPHIB: a users manual

A general purpose three-dimensional code (AMPHIB) that solves electronic cooling problems is documented. In its present structure, the code is set up for computations in liquid immersion cooling of an m by n array of chips embedded in a substrate in a three-dimensional rectangular enclosure. Nevertheless, it can be modified to solve problems in forced, mixed and natural convection for a wide range of boundary conditions. The subroutines and the input are described in detail. A listing of the code and sample example problems are also included.http://archive.org/details/amphibusersmanua00mukuApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited

The Results of Treatment with Streptomycin Plus Pyrazinamide in Patients with Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis Despite Prolonged Treatment with Isoniazid Plus PAS

This report presents the findings during a year or more of observation of 20 South Indian patients who, after an initial course of isoniazid plus PAS, were treated with streptomycin plus pyrazinamide for active pulmonary tuberculosis. The combination of streptomycin plus pyrazinamide was chosen, first, because of its likely therapeutic effectiveness, since all the patients had streptomycin-sensitive strains of bacilli, secondly, because it presented an opportunity to study supervised drug administration in domiciliary patients in a community in which the selfadministration of antituberculosis drugs could not be depended on (Fox, 1958 ; Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre, 1959, 1960 ; Velu et al., 1960). The patients were either unsuitable for or unwilling to undergo surgery

Hierarchical overlapping coordination under nonlinear constraints

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/76760/1/AIAA-1998-4795-679.pd

Study Of Subgrade Strength Related To Moisture

The design of the pavement layers to be laid over subgrade soil starts off with the estimation of subgrade strength and the volume of traffic to be carried. Design of the various pavement layers are very much dependent on the strength of the subgrade soil over which they are going to be laid. Weaker subgrade demands thicker layers whereas stronger subgrade goes well along with thinner pavement layers. The Indian Road Congress encodes the exact design strategies of the pavement layers based upon the subgrade strength. Subgrade strength is mostly expressed in terms of CBR, the California Bearing Ratio. Hence, in all, the pavement and the subgrade together must sustain the traffic volume.The subgrade strength owing to its inconsistency or variable nature poses a challenge for the engineer to come up with a perfect design of pavement. For example, the subgrade is always subjected to change in its moisture content due to precipitation, capillary action, flood or abrupt rise or subsidal of water table. Change in moisture content causes change in the subgrade strength. And it becomes quite essential for an engineer to understand the exact nature of dependence of subgrade strength on moisture content. The project attempts in understanding the nature of variation of subgrade strength with water content. Thus, various soil samples are put to test for their strengths at different moisture contents by soaking them in waterbath for different days. Required inference can be drawn through the test results

PENGARUH LOCUS OF CONTROL INTERNAL TERHADAP JOB INSECURITY DI AUTO2000 RADIO DALAM

Penggunaan teknologi telah banyak membantu manusia dalam mengerjakan berbagai hal dalam kehidupan sehari-harinya. Terutama pada alat transportasi, dimana kendaraan sudah menggunakan teknologi yang canggih untuk membantu manusia untuk berpergian ke tujuan mereka dimanapun dan kapanpun. Dengan semakin canggihnya alat tarnsportasi sekarang, perawatan dan perbaikan alat transportasi pun harus ikut untuk menggunakan tekonologi. Hal ini menyebabkan semakin hilangnya campur tangan manusia dalam indsutri otomotif, yang berdampak kepada hilangnya lini-lini pekerjaan yang dapat dikerjakan oleh manusia. Hal ini berdampak kepada pribadi manusia yang merasa terancam akan kehilangan pekerjaannya (Job Insecurity). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengatahui pengaruh kepribadian manusia (Locus of Control) terhadap ketakutan akan kehilangan pekerjaan (Job Insecurity). Data yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini melalui kuesioner yang disebarkan kepada responden pegawai dari AUTO2000 Radio Dalam dan diperoleh sebanyak 52 data. Metode pengambilan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode purposive sampling. Data yang telah terkumpul kemudian diolah menggunakan program pengolahan data SPSS versi 22. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan antara Locus of Control Internal terhadap Job Insecurity

Multiattribute electronic procurement using goal programming

One of the key challenges of current day electronic procurement systems is to enable procurement decisions transcend beyond a single attribute such as cost. Consequently, multiattribute procurement have emerged as an important research direction. In this paper, we develop a multiattribute e-procurement system for procuring large volume of a single item. Our system is motivated by an industrial procurement scenario for procuring raw material. The procurement scenario demands multiattribute bids, volume discount cost functions, inclusion of business constraints, and consideration of multiple criteria in bid evaluation. We develop a generic framework for an e-procurement system that meets the above requirements. The bid evaluation problem is formulated as a mixed linear integer multiple criteria optimization problem and goal programming is used as the solution technique. We present a case study for which we illustrate the proposed approach and a heuristic is proposed to handle the computational complexity arising out of the cost functions used in the bids

Comparative studies on the nutritive value of fish and prawn muscle

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