Design and Modification of Circular Monpole UWB Antenna for WPAN Application

The basic circular monopole antenna exhibits a 10 dB return loss bandwidth over the entire frequency band, the paper proposed a modified version of simple circular monopole antenna for WPAN application. The antenna offers excellent performance in the range of 2-12 GHz.. The antenna is designed on FR4 substrate and fed with 50 ohms micro strip feed line. The antenna is suitable for operating frequency of 7 GHz. It is shown that return loss of the antennas at 7 GHz is better than -10 dB and VSWR obtained is less than 2. Proposed geometry is design and simulated using HFSS11 Details of the proposed antenna design and measured results are presented. Index Terms:Wireless communication, UWB, circular monopole, WPA

Two Channel Estimation Methods for MIMO-OFDM System

Adaptive Filter is a part of the modern communication system. The applications of the adaptive filters are channel equalization, noise cancellation, system identification and adaptive beam forming. So the proper implementation of adaptive filter is a great deal. The intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by the multipath in band limited frequency selective time dispersion channel distort the transmitted signal.  In this paper, we have concentrated on modifying the algorithm for the adaptive filter. The proposed VSS-LLMS and Modified Variable Step Size Leaky LMS (MVSS-LLMS) which improves the channel estimation in the noisy environment. Also we compared the results of our proposed algorithms with the LMS, RLS and VLLMS and observed that it improves in computational complexity and Bit Error Rate (BER) performance. Keywords: Adaptive Channel Estimation, Adaptive filter, LMS, RLS, VLLMS and MVSS-LLM

A survey on 2d object tracking in digital video

This paper presents object tracking methods in video.Different algorithms based on rigid, non rigid and articulated object tracking are studied. The goal of this article is to review the state-of-the-art tracking methods, classify them into different categories, and identify new trends.It is often the case that tracking objects in consecutive frames is supported by a prediction scheme. Based on information extracted from previous frames and any high level information that can be obtained, the state (location) of the object is predicted.An excellent framework for prediction is kalman filter, which additionally estimates prediction error.In complex scenes, instead of single hypothesis, multiple hypotheses using Particle filter can be used.Different techniques are given for different types of constraints in video

Evaluation of Imidacloprid-induced toxicity and lipid peroxidation in the freshwater bivalve, Lamellidens marginalis

The toxicity of the neonicotinoid pesticide Imidacloprid was tested on Lamellidens marginalis by 96-hours LC50 test and histopathology. After acute exposure to Imidacloprid, histopathological changes were noted in the gill, mantle, and digestive gland. Exposed gills showed deformed interfilamental space, fused lamellae, disrupted chitenous rod, and vacuolated cytoplasm. In the mantle, damage was observed in the inner and outer mantle epithelium and vacuole in connective tissue. The digestive gland has ruptured the digestive tubule, and basement membrane, the lumen deteriorates, and the cytoplasm appears vacuolated. Lipid peroxidation was also observed after the exposure. These findings suggest that acute exposure to Imidacloprid caused significant histological alterations in vital organs and can affect the non-targeted freshwater bivalve Lamellidens marginalis

Creating order out of chaos : role of antenatal ultrasound in diagnosis

Background: Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS) is a rare fetal anomaly characterized by obstruction of the higher fetal airway. This could be either complete or incomplete and is more commonly seen at the subglottic level, resulting in a spectrum of characteristic secondary features. Case Report: In this case study, we report two cases of CHAOS with one showing laryngeal atresia and the other, tracheal atresia. Both these cases showed characteristic findings on a detailed, meticulous USG examination which led to this diagnosis. Conclusions: Early and accurate diagnosis offers a window of opportunity for parental counseling and management using procedures such as EXIT (ex-utero intrapartum procedure). Earlier, CHAOS was thought to be incompatible with life; however, with the advent of ex-utero intrapartum procedure, a few cases of post-natal survival have been noted in the literature. In this article, we emphasize the sonographic findings found in CHAOS. Early diagnosis offers an opportunity for a intrauterine fetal intervention in potentially lethal cases

Rheological Investigation of The Network Structure in Mixed Gels of Kappa and Iota Carrageenan

Carrageenans comprise linear sulfated high molecular weight polysaccharides obtained from seaweeds and are routinely used in food and home/personal care industries. Various kinds of carrageenans differ from others based on the ester sulfate group location on the polysaccharide chains. Pure and mixed systems of Kappa Carrageenan and Iota Carrageenan undergo a three-dimensional gel network structure formation or dissociation with a change in temperature. During the sol-gel and gel-sol transitions, the Carrageenan systems pass through a unique critical gel state, where dynamic moduli are scale-invariant owing to the self-similar structure of the three-dimensional network. In this work, we obtain the critical gel state associated with pure and mixed systems of Kappa and Iota Carrageenan during cooling and heating by exploring the material behavior for a range of frequencies. Interestingly, on the one hand, the mixed gels show a higher critical sol-gel transition temperature compared to the pure systems at equal individual concentrations. On the other hand, the low temperature moduli of mixed gels are closer to that of Kappa Carrageenan when the concentration of the same is more than half in the mixture. The rheological measurements demonstrate that the Kappa Carrageenan strongly affects the nature of aggregation of double helices of Iota Carrageenan, but Iota Carrageenan does not have a significant influence on that of Kappa Carrageenan. These results suggest an associative, interactive network formation between Kappa and Iota Carrageenan in the mixture, such that the gel behavior is predominantly influenced by Kappa Carrageenan

A Novel LS/LMMSE Based PSO Approach for 3D-Channel Estimation in Rayleigh Fading

A high transmission rate can be obtained using Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) model. The most commonly used 3D-pilot aided channel estimation (PACE) techniques are Least Square (LS) and Least Minimum Mean Square (LMMSE) error. Both of the methods suffer from high mean square error and computational complexity. The LS is quite simple and LMMSE being superior in performance to LS providing low Bit Error Rate (BER) at high Signal to Noise ratio (SNR). Artificial Intelligence when combined with these two methods produces remarkable results by reducing the error between transmission and reception of data signal. The essence of LS and LMMSE is used priory to estimate the channel parameters. The bit error so obtained is compared and the least bit error value is fine-tuned using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to obtained better channel parameters and improved BER. The channel parameter corresponding to the low value of bit error rate obtained from LS/LMMSE is also used for particle initialization. Thus, the particles advance from the obtained channel parameters and are processed to find a better solution against the lowest bit error value obtained by LS/LMMSE. If the particles fail to do so, then the bit error value obtained by LS/LMMSE is finally considered. It has emerged from the simulated results that the performance of the proposed system is better than the LS/LMMSE estimations. The performance of OFDM systems using proposed technique can be observed from the imitation and relative results

MOTION ANALYSIS IN VIDEO USING OPTICAL FLOW TECHNIQUES

ABSTRACT: This paper presents optical flow estimation technique to estimate the motion vectors in each frame of the video sequence. By thresholding and performing morphological closing on the motion vectors, we produces binary feature images. Using these binary features the cars are located. A bounding Box is drawn around the cars that pass beneath the white line. The algorithm used for this is lucas kanade. Use of the threshold to reduce the noise in small movements between frames is analyzed. Higher the threshold ,the less small movements impact the optical flow calculation. Experiments are done to find the value that best achieves our results

Erectogenic and Aphrodisiac Effects of Butea frondosa

Butea frondosa Koenig ex Roxb. (BF) is traditionally used to manage male sexual disorders including erectile dysfunction (ED). Methanol extract of BF (bark) inhibited Rho-kinase 2 (ROCK-II) enzyme activity in vitro with an IC50 of 20.29±1.83 μg/mL. The relaxant effect of methanol extract of BF (MEBF) was studied on phenylephrine precontracted corpus cavernosum smooth muscle (CCSM) isolated from young rats. The effect of MEBF treatment on sexual behaviour of both young (5 month) and aged (24 month) rats was also studied in addition to the influence on smooth muscle, collagen (collagen-I and -III) level in penis, and sperm characteristics of young and aged rats. MEBF relaxed CCSM up to 21.77±2.57% and increased sexual behavior of young and aged rats. This increase in sexual function could be attributed to ROCK-II inhibition and increase in ratio of smooth muscle to collagen level in rat penile tissue. Increased sperm production and decreased defective sperms in young and aged rats corroborate the usefulness of Butea frondosa in male infertility in addition to ED