Pañca Gauḍa and Pañca Drāviḍa: Contested borders of a traditional classification

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Sentence-cognition in Nyāya epistemology

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42946/1/10783_2004_Article_BF00158040.pd

Professor R.N. Dandekar March 17, 1909–December 11, 2001

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42948/1/10783_2004_Article_5090291.pd

Can follow-up examination of tuberculosis patients be simplified? A study in Chhattisgarh, India

Each follow-up during the course of tuberculosis treatment currently requires two sputum examinations. However, the incremental yield of the second sputum sample during follow-up of different types of tuberculosis patients has never been determined precisely

Results from the centers for disease control and prevention's predict the 2013-2014 Influenza Season Challenge

Background: Early insights into the timing of the start, peak, and intensity of the influenza season could be useful in planning influenza prevention and control activities. To encourage development and innovation in influenza forecasting, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) organized a challenge to predict the 2013-14 Unites States influenza season. Methods: Challenge contestants were asked to forecast the start, peak, and intensity of the 2013-2014 influenza season at the national level and at any or all Health and Human Services (HHS) region level(s). The challenge ran from December 1, 2013-March 27, 2014; contestants were required to submit 9 biweekly forecasts at the national level to be eligible. The selection of the winner was based on expert evaluation of the methodology used to make the prediction and the accuracy of the prediction as judged against the U.S. Outpatient Influenza-like Illness Surveillance Network (ILINet). Results: Nine teams submitted 13 forecasts for all required milestones. The first forecast was due on December 2, 2013; 3/13 forecasts received correctly predicted the start of the influenza season within one week, 1/13 predicted the peak within 1 week, 3/13 predicted the peak ILINet percentage within 1 %, and 4/13 predicted the season duration within 1 week. For the prediction due on December 19, 2013, the number of forecasts that correctly forecasted the peak week increased to 2/13, the peak percentage to 6/13, and the duration of the season to 6/13. As the season progressed, the forecasts became more stable and were closer to the season milestones. Conclusion: Forecasting has become technically feasible, but further efforts are needed to improve forecast accuracy so that policy makers can reliably use these predictions. CDC and challenge contestants plan to build upon the methods developed during this contest to improve the accuracy of influenza forecasts. © 2016 The Author(s)

Evolution of the Notion of Authority (Prāmāṇya) in the Pāṇinian Tradition

abstract : The Paninian tradition assumes a special structure of authority for the three founding grammarians, i.e. Pânini, Kâtyâyana, and Patanjali. It is assumed that among these founding grammarians, Patanjali has the highest authority. Then comes Kâtyâyana, and then comes Pânini himself. It is also assumed that these three grammarians are sages (muni) and hold a special status, while the tradition after Patanjali is believed to fall into decline and does not command the same high authority. This paper traces the historical evolution of these notions. It first points out that Pânini had not deified (or rather muni-fied) the grammarians who are cited in his grammar. Similarly, Pânini himself was not muni-fied by Kâtyâyana and Patanjali. However, they ascribe some special respect for him, and treat his grammar as being like the Vedas, the scriptures of the Hindus. It is in Bhartrhari's works (500 A.D.) that we see the first signs of muni-fication of the early grammarians and a feeling that contemporary scholars do not have a native command of Sanskrit. In Kaiyata, we have the full statement of authority of the three early grammarians, with indications of Patanjali being considered an incarnation of the snake divinity Sesa. In the works of Nâgesabhatta, we have the full development of these conceptions, with the inspiration for the grammar of Pânini being attributed to Shiva and his grammar acquiring the status of Veda.RÉSUMÉ : La tradition paninéenne pose une structuration particulière de l'autorité dans le cas des trois grammairiens fondateurs : Pânini, Kâtyâyana et Patanjali. Elle considère que parmi ces grammairiens fondateurs, c'est Patanjali qui a l'autorité la plus haute. Ensuite vient Kâtyâyana, et enfin Pânini lui-même. Elle considère aussi que ces trois grammairiens sont des sages (muni) et possèdent un statut spécial, tandis que la tradition postérieure à Patanjali est sur le déclin et ne possède pas une autorité aussi haute. Cet article retrace l'évolution de ces notions au cours de l'histoire. Il note tout d'abord que Pânini ne déifie pas (ou plutôt ne « muni-fie » pas) les grammairiens qui sont cités dans sa grammaire. De même, Pânini lui même n'est pas « muni-fié » par Kâtyâyana et Patanjali. Cependant ces derniers font preuve de respect pour lui et traitent sa grammaire avec autant d'égards que les Veda-s, les écritures des hindous. C'est dans les uvres de Bhartrhari (500 A.D.) que nous voyons les premiers signes de la « muni-fication » des grammairiens des origines et l'expression du sentiment que les lettrés de son époque n'ont pas une maîtrise native du sanskrit. Chez Kaiyata, nous avons l'affirmation solennelle de l'autorité des trois grammairiens, avec des indices d'une croyance que Patanjali est l'incarnation du serpent divin Sesa. Enfin, dans les uvres de Nâgesabhatta, nous avons le développement complet de ces conceptions, l'inspiration pour la grammaire de Pânini étant attribué à Shiva et sa grammaire ayant le même statut que les Veda-s.Deshpande Madhav M. Evolution of the Notion of Authority (Prāmāṇya) in the Pāṇinian Tradition. In: Histoire Épistémologie Langage, tome 20, fascicule 1, 1998. Les Grammaires Indiennes. pp. 5-28

Ārṣa versus Anārṣa in Pāṇini and Allied Literature

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