Oviasose: A Novel Oligosaccharide from the Milk of Gaddi Sheep (Ovis aries)

Oligosaccharides are the most biologically diverse and important carbohydrate among biological system, present as natural constituents in fruits, vegetables, milk, blood, bacteria fungus etc. Oligosaccharides present in milk protect infants by reducing the number of pathogen infections and promoting the development of the intestinal epithelium. Oligosaccharides isolated from sheep milk strongly stimulate the immune system and are used for treatment of immune system related disorders. Keeping above mentioned biological activities of Gaddi sheep’s (Gaddi is a breed of sheep found at higher altitude of Himalayan region) milk oligosaccharides in mind we have isolated a novel oligosaccharide namely Oviasose from sheep’s milk and elucidated its structure by chemical degradation & spectroscopic techniques (like 1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY, TOCSY, HSQC and HMBC) and Mass Spectrometry. The structure of Oviasose was established by comparing the chemical shift (1H NMR and 13C NMR) of anomeric signals and other important signals of isolated milk oligosaccharide with the chemical shifts of known milk oligosaccharides, 2D-NMR and mass of Oviasose. Keywords:  Sheep milk, Oligosaccharides, NMR, Oviasose. &nbsp

Identification and characterization of irregular consumptions of load data

The historical information of loadings on substation helps in evaluation of size of photovoltaic (PV) generation and energy storages for peak shaving and distribution system upgrade deferral. A method, based on consumption data, is proposed to separate the unusual consumption and to form the clusters of similar regular consumption. The method does optimal partition of the load pattern data into core points and border points, high and less dense regions, respectively. The local outlier factor, which does not require fixed probability distribution of data and statistical measures, ranks the unusual consumptions on only the border points, which are a few percent of the complete data. The suggested method finds the optimal or close to optimal number of clusters of similar shape of load patterns to detect regular peak and valley load demands on different days. Furthermore, identification and characterization of features pertaining to unusual consumptions in load pattern data have been done on border points only. The effectiveness of the proposed method and characterization is tested on two practical distribution systems

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL EVALUATION OF SOME 1, 2, 4-TRIAZOLE DERIVATIVES

Objectives: To synthesize, characterize and evaluate antimicrobial properties of some 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives. Methods: A novel series of 1, 2, 4-Triazole derivatives (D-1-D-8) had been synthesized. Ethyl esters of benzoic and 4-substituted benzoic acids were synthesized using ethanol and conc. sulphuric acid. In the second step, hydrazides of these esters were prepared. This hydrazide was converted into potassium salt of dithiocarbazinate using carbon disulfide and potassium hydroxide which on cyclization formed compounds (D-1-D-2). Compound D-3 was formed by reacting D-1 with 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride in dry pyridine. Compounds (D-4-D-8) were synthesized by mixing aqueous solution of 10% NaOH in different primary amines and then heating it with potassium salt of dithiocarbazinate. The structures of newly synthesized compounds were established on the basis of 1H NMR and Mass spectroscopic techniques. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity. In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity was evaluated by Disc Diffusion method. Ofloxacin and Clotrimazole were used as standard drug respectively. Results: The results revealed that compounds D-3 and D-4 exhibited good antibacterial activity and D-1 and D-2 had moderate antibacterial activity as compared with standard drug Ofloxacin, while compounds (D-5-D-8) exhibited moderate antifungal activity as compared to standard drug Clotrimazole. Conclusion: A novel series of 1, 2, 4-Triazole derivatives were synthesized and were obtained in good yields. Newly synthesized compounds were isolated and purified by thin layer chromatography and column chromatography respectively

NMR, Mass and DFT Studies of Ariose: A Novel Oligosaccharide from Donkey (Equus asinus) Milk

Oligosaccharides play a key role in various physiological, pathological and biological activities such as biological recognition, anti-complementary, anti-coagulant, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-tumour, anti-oxidant, lipid lowering, immunological activities, prebiotic activity and hypoglycemic activity. In our endeavour to find biologically active novel oligosaccharides, donkey milk was taken, which is a rich source of oligosaccahrides and its milk is used as anti-hypertensive, anti-oxidant and heart strengthening agent in folk medicine. For this purpose donkey milk was processed by modified method of Kobata and Ginsburg followed by Gel filtration HPLC and Column Chromatography (CC) which resulted in the isolation of one novel milk oligosaccharide namely Ariose. The structure of purified milk oligosaccharide was determined with the help of chemical degradation, chemical transformation, spectroscopic techniques like 1D-NMR (1H and 13C), 2D-NMR (COSY, TOCSY, HSQC and HMBC), Structure Reporter Group (SRG) theory and Mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The geometry optimization of compound was done by using B3LYP method at 6-31G (d, p) basis set employing Density Functional Theory (DFT). &nbsp

NMR, Mass and DFT Studies of Ariose: A Novel Oligosaccharide from Donkey (Equus asinus) Milk

Oligosaccharides play a key role in various physiological, pathological and biological activities such as biological recognition, anti-complementary, anti-coagulant, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-tumour, anti-oxidant, lipid lowering, immunological activities, prebiotic activity and hypoglycemic activity. In our endeavour to find biologically active novel oligosaccharides, donkey milk was taken, which is a rich source of oligosaccahrides and its milk is used as anti-hypertensive, anti-oxidant and heart strengthening agent in folk medicine. For this purpose donkey milk was processed by modified method of Kobata and Ginsburg followed by Gel filtration HPLC and Column Chromatography (CC) which resulted in the isolation of one novel milk oligosaccharide namely Ariose. The structure of purified milk oligosaccharide was determined with the help of chemical degradation, chemical transformation, spectroscopic techniques like 1D-NMR (1H and 13C), 2D-NMR (COSY, TOCSY, HSQC and HMBC), Structure Reporter Group (SRG) theory and Mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The geometry optimization of compound was done by using B3LYP method at 6-31G (d, p) basis set employing Density Functional Theory (DFT). &nbsp

Effective Contribution of Air Pollutants to Physiological and Psychological Human Diseases: A Systematic Review

Increasing globalization, industrialization, population, and burning of fossil fuels have been adversely affecting the environment for a long time. The consequences of the effects can be seen even within a short period of time in the current scenario. The air pollutants such as SO2, NO2, CO, and PM are the main contributors to the adverse health effects. Long-term and short-term exposure to pollutants may cause acute and chronic effects on the human body as they can enter deep into the organ and circulate in the bloodstream. The ultimate purpose of this review is to develop a quantitative perceptive of the existing state of facts about potential health effects concerning the dose-response relationship between exposure level of air pollutants and induced diseases. We have drawn around 376 scientific research papers on high-impact factors related to air pollution and health. These publications were analyzed with consideration of experimental methods, design, observations, and reports on the exposure through inhalation which may emulate the normal direction of exposure inside the human organs. The present study suggests the effects of epidemiological studies on associations between pollutant concentrations and human health. Most of the inferences evidenced the severe adverse effects of particulate matter (PM2.5 & PM10) on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Our present investigation reveals the health risk due to pollutants’ exposure to the vulnerable population anguishing with asthma, COPD, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer (physiological diseases); dementia, depression, and stress (psychological diseases)

Comparison of biochemical and anthropometric parameters in complicated and uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition among children aged 6 to 59 months: a cross-sectional study

Aim: The frequency of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is the highest in India. Although it should receive more attention, severe anemia is one of the comorbidities that increases mortality in children who are severely undernourished. In SAM children, the liver function test (LFT), kidney function test (KFT), and complete blood count (CBC) are deranged, but their correlation with the prognosis is not well defined. The aim was to describe the anthropometric assessment and biochemical profile of children with SAM. Methods: This cross-sectional cohort study was performed at the Departments of Paediatrics and Biochemistry at G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur, and at the Department of Biotechnology at Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur. One hundred and six patients with SAM were enrolled; 53 were grouped as complicated SAM (Group 1) (dehydration and severe dehydration) and 53 were diagnosed as non-complicated SAM (Group 2). Results: Group II had significantly higher mean values for height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), head circumference, and body mass index (BMI) for age percentile compared to Group I, with P-values of 0.001. Group I had a significantly lower level of hemoglobin (8.86 g/dL ± 2.21 g/dL) compared to Group II (10.0 g/dL ± 1.83 g/dL) with a P-value of 0.003. The difference in the frequency of anemia between the groups was statistically significant, with a P-value of 0.026. Anemia significantly increased the risk of complicated SAM with an odds ratio of 2.60 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07–6.31, P = 0.001]. Conclusions: This study suggests that there may be a significant relationship between anemia and the development of complications in high-risk children with SAM

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery stenosis: a risk pattern association study

Aim: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death globally. In the condition of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the prevalence of CVD increase parallel with the rise of metabolic complication and higher incidence of coronary artery stenosis. The aim of this study was to compare the level of percent stenosis in coronary arteries in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) with and without T2DM, and to measure the severity of CVD using Gensini score (GS) through angiographic data. Methods: The current study was conducted in tertiary care specialized hospital in Delhi, India. The level of percent stenosis in coronary arteries was compared in patients with CAD with and without T2DM. The patients were divided into two groups: group I included 100 patients with T2DM, and group II included 100 non-diabetic CAD patients who underwent coronary angiography by Judkin’s technique. The severity of CVD was measured by GS through angiographic data. The serum levels of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5% were considered diabetic. Results: Significant difference was observed in serum HbA1c, and random blood sugar levels between group I and group II were also observed (P ≤ 0.001). Serum HbA1c shows a significant positive association with GS (r = 0.36, P = 0.007). Conclusions: The study shows a significant level of stenosis in coronary arteries of CAD diabetic patients. However, further prospective analysis of a larger population size will be needed to strengthen the findings and the significant association

TNBC: Potential Targeting of Multiple Receptors for a Therapeutic Breakthrough, Nanomedicine, and Immunotherapy

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous, recurring cancer associated with a high rate of metastasis, poor prognosis, and lack of therapeutic targets. Although target-based therapeutic options are approved for other cancers, only limited therapeutic options are available for TNBC. Cell signaling and receptor-specific targets are reportedly effective in patients with TNBC under specific clinical conditions. However, most of these cancers are unresponsive, and there is a requirement for more effective treatment modalities. Further, there is a lack of effective biomarkers that can distinguish TNBC from other BC subtypes. ER, PR, and HER2 help identify TNBC and are widely used to identify patients who are most likely to respond to diverse therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the possible treatment options for TNBC based on its inherent subtype receptors and pathways, such as p53 signaling, AKT signaling, cell cycle regulation, DNA damage, and programmed cell death, which play essential roles at multiple stages of TNBC development. We focus on poly-ADP ribose polymerase 1, androgen receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and epidermal growth factor receptor as well as the application of nanomedicine and immunotherapy in TNBC and discuss their potential applications in drug development for TNBC