Trade, demand spillovers, and industrialization: The emerging global middle class in perspective

International audienceIn this paper, we investigate international demand spillovers brought about by a global middle class and their impact on trade patterns and industrialization. We propose a multi-industry and two-country trade model featuring demand complementarities propagating increasing returns across industries and national boundaries. We show how the international extent of demand spillovers depends upon asymmetries in domestic income distribution, labor efficiency, and labor force size; that is, on the global distribution of real income

Trade, demand spillovers and industrialization : The emerging global middle class in perspective

In this paper, we investigate international demand spillovers brought about by a global middle class and their impact on trade patterns and industrialization. We propose a multi-industry and two-country trade model featuring demand complementarities propagating increasing returns across industries and national boundaries. We show how the international extent of demand spillovers depends upon asymmetries in domestic income distribution, labor efficiency, and labor force size ; that is, on the global distribution of real income.Trade, spillovers, nonhomothetic preferences, world income distribution.

Measuring non-financial forms of capital

This chapter turns to the measurement of performance in delivering corporate and ecosystem purposes. The metrics are designed to capture the pain points in the ecosystem that need to be addressed and the success of the intervention in addressing them. This requires measures of non-financial as well as financial performance. The chapter provides an overview of measurements of non-financial forms of capital: natural, human, and social. In examining natural capital, it contrasts input measures that record the amount of natural resources that are used in the production process and output measures that examine the impact of the inputs on products, emissions, waste, etc. It notes that measuring inputs is in general more straightforward than outputs and it therefore argues that natural capital metrics should be constructed around inputs rather than outputs

Déforestation, migrations, saturation et réformes foncières: La Côte d’Ivoire entre résilience rurale et litiges fonciers

In the tropics, land transactions remain today carried out within the framework of custom and therefore constitute uncompleted sales, which it is often argued hinders investment and rural economic resilience. The Ivory Coast is no exception to the rule. Nevertheless, the absence of proper land titles has not prevented the Ivory Coast from becoming the first world producer of cocoa. This paper shows how the process of colonization of the land by internal and foreign migrants, encouraged and supported by the Ivorian State since independence, has led to the persual of an agrarian transition where small-holding migrants with the most fragile land tenure status take seriously the influence of the life cycle of tree crops when planning various types of investments for their land. Moreover, they tend, ceteris paribus, to invest more resources into their fields and to set up good agronomic practices. If this settlement dynamic enabled rural communities to steer towards a resilient agriculture, the absence of clearly defined property rights along with demographic pressure and land saturation has however led to a Malthusian crisis, curbing the green revolution. En dépit des nombreuses lois promulguées, depuis l'État colonial en 1935 jusqu'à l'État indépendant en 1998, le droit coutumier qui ne bénéficie plus d'aucune protection juridique, et sa gestion collective et informelle du foncier rural fait de la résistance. En 2009, 98% des transactions foncières s'effectuent toujours dans le cadre de la coutume et constituent pour beaucoup d'entre elles des "ventes inachevées." L'absence de titres de propriété n'a pourtant pas empêché la Côte d'Ivoire de devenir le premier producteur mondial de cacao. Cette étude montre comment le processus de déforestation et de colonisation de la terre par des migrants allochtones et allogènes encouragés et soutenus par l'État ivoirien depuis son indépendance, a engagé le pays dans une transition agraire en incitant les paysans au statut foncier le plus fragile, à investir et à mettre en oeuvre les bonnes pratiques agronomiques. L'absence de droits de propriété clairement définis associée à la pression démographique et à la saturation foncière ont cependant favorisé l'émergence de conflits fonciers. Les litiges fonciers sont-ils la seule réponse à la pression démographique ou, au contraire, la saturation foncière que cette dynamique de peuplement engendre, permet-elle aux sociétés rurales de s'orienter vers une résilience agricole synonyme d'intensification et d'accroissement de la production agricole

Déforestation, migrations, saturation et réformes foncières: La Côte d’Ivoire entre résilience rurale et litiges fonciers

In the tropics, land transactions remain today carried out within the framework of custom and therefore constitute uncompleted sales, which it is often argued hinders investment and rural economic resilience. The Ivory Coast is no exception to the rule. Nevertheless, the absence of proper land titles has not prevented the Ivory Coast from becoming the first world producer of cocoa. This paper shows how the process of colonization of the land by internal and foreign migrants, encouraged and supported by the Ivorian State since independence, has led to the persual of an agrarian transition where small-holding migrants with the most fragile land tenure status take seriously the influence of the life cycle of tree crops when planning various types of investments for their land. Moreover, they tend, ceteris paribus, to invest more resources into their fields and to set up good agronomic practices. If this settlement dynamic enabled rural communities to steer towards a resilient agriculture, the absence of clearly defined property rights along with demographic pressure and land saturation has however led to a Malthusian crisis, curbing the green revolution. En dépit des nombreuses lois promulguées, depuis l'État colonial en 1935 jusqu'à l'État indépendant en 1998, le droit coutumier qui ne bénéficie plus d'aucune protection juridique, et sa gestion collective et informelle du foncier rural fait de la résistance. En 2009, 98% des transactions foncières s'effectuent toujours dans le cadre de la coutume et constituent pour beaucoup d'entre elles des "ventes inachevées." L'absence de titres de propriété n'a pourtant pas empêché la Côte d'Ivoire de devenir le premier producteur mondial de cacao. Cette étude montre comment le processus de déforestation et de colonisation de la terre par des migrants allochtones et allogènes encouragés et soutenus par l'État ivoirien depuis son indépendance, a engagé le pays dans une transition agraire en incitant les paysans au statut foncier le plus fragile, à investir et à mettre en oeuvre les bonnes pratiques agronomiques. L'absence de droits de propriété clairement définis associée à la pression démographique et à la saturation foncière ont cependant favorisé l'émergence de conflits fonciers. Les litiges fonciers sont-ils la seule réponse à la pression démographique ou, au contraire, la saturation foncière que cette dynamique de peuplement engendre, permet-elle aux sociétés rurales de s'orienter vers une résilience agricole synonyme d'intensification et d'accroissement de la production agricole

Phase Retrieval and Design with Automatic Differentiation

The principal limitation in many areas of astronomy, especially for directly imaging exoplanets, arises from instability in the point spread function (PSF) delivered by the telescope and instrument. To understand the transfer function, it is often necessary to infer a set of optical aberrations given only the intensity distribution on the sensor - the problem of phase retrieval. This can be important for post-processing of existing data, or for the design of optical phase masks to engineer PSFs optimized to achieve high contrast, angular resolution, or astrometric stability. By exploiting newly efficient and flexible technology for automatic differentiation, which in recent years has undergone rapid development driven by machine learning, we can perform both phase retrieval and design in a way that is systematic, user-friendly, fast, and effective. By using modern gradient descent techniques, this converges efficiently and is easily extended to incorporate constraints and regularization. We illustrate the wide-ranging potential for this approach using our new package, Morphine. Challenging applications performed with this code include precise phase retrieval for both discrete and continuous phase distributions, even where information has been censored such as heavily-saturated sensor data. We also show that the same algorithms can optimize continuous or binary phase masks that are competitive with existing best solutions for two example problems: an Apodizing Phase Plate (APP) coronagraph for exoplanet direct imaging, and a diffractive pupil for narrow-angle astrometry. The Morphine source code and examples are available open-source, with a similar interface to the popular physical optics package Poppy

Periodic Astrometric Signal Recovery Through Convolutional Autoencoders

Astrometric detection involves precise measurements of stellar positions, and it is widely regarded as the leading concept presently ready to find Earth-mass planets in temperate orbits around nearby sun-like stars. The TOLIMAN space telescope [39] is a low-cost, agile mission concept dedicated to narrow-angle astrometric monitoring of bright binary stars. In particular the mission will be optimised to search for habitable-zone planets around {\}{\$}{\backslash}alpha {\$}{\$}\alpha$ Centauri AB. If the separation between these two stars can be monitored with sufficient precision, tiny perturbations due to the gravitational tug from an unseen planet can be witnessed and, given the configuration of the optical system, the scale of the shifts in the image plane are about one-millionth of a pixel. Image registration at this level of precision has never been demonstrated (to our knowledge) in any setting within science. In this paper, we demonstrate that a Deep Convolutional Auto-Encoder is able to retrieve such a signal from simplified simulations of the TOLIMAN data and we present the full experimental pipeline to recreate out experiments from the simulations to the signal analysis. In future works, all the more realistic sources of noise and systematic effects present in the real-world system will be injected into the simulations

Periodic Astrometric Signal Recovery through Convolutional Autoencoders

Astrometric detection involves a precise measurement of stellar positions, and is widely regarded as the leading concept presently ready to find earth-mass planets in temperate orbits around nearby sun-like stars. The TOLIMAN space telescope[39] is a low-cost, agile mission concept dedicated to narrow-angle astrometric monitoring of bright binary stars. In particular the mission will be optimised to search for habitable-zone planets around Alpha Centauri AB. If the separation between these two stars can be monitored with sufficient precision, tiny perturbations due to the gravitational tug from an unseen planet can be witnessed and, given the configuration of the optical system, the scale of the shifts in the image plane are about one millionth of a pixel. Image registration at this level of precision has never been demonstrated (to our knowledge) in any setting within science. In this paper we demonstrate that a Deep Convolutional Auto-Encoder is able to retrieve such a signal from simplified simulations of the TOLIMAN data and we present the full experimental pipeline to recreate out experiments from the simulations to the signal analysis. In future works, all the more realistic sources of noise and systematic effects present in the real-world system will be injected into the simulations.Comment: Preprint version of the manuscript to appear in the Volume "Intelligent Astrophysics" of the series "Emergence, Complexity and Computation", Book eds. I. Zelinka, D. Baron, M. Brescia, Springer Nature Switzerland, ISSN: 2194-728