Exercice du droit de chasse et droit de propriété

Droit à valeur constitutionnelle, consacré par les articles 2 et 17 de la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen, le droit de propriété est un droit fondamental, qui s’exprime notamment au travers de la libre disposition de ses biens par un propriétaire, et du droit de chacun au respect de ses biens. Attribut du droit de propriété, le droit de chasse appartient au propriétaire du fonds, qui peut se le réserver, le donner en location à un tiers ou le louer au preneur de l’immeuble rural, en même temps que le bien sur lequel il s’exerce, ou le confier à une association communale de chasse agréée (ACCA). L’exercice de la chasse et du droit de chasse est perçu tantôt comme une limite à la libre disposition des biens, voire une atteinte au respect même de la propriété, tantôt comme un élément de valorisation et de protection de celle-ci. Les rapports entre droit de propriété et droit de chasse se traduisent aussi au travers d’autres conflits d’usage, comme par exemple, en matière de circulation des véhicules à moteur. L’exercice de la chasse peut interférer également avec le respect d’autres réglementations, tel que par exemple, l’accueil du public au sein du domaine de chasse, ou les mécanismes d’indemnisation des dégâts infligés aux propriétés par le gibier.Constitutional right, enshrined in Articles 2 and 17 of the Declaration of Human Rights and citizen, property right is a fundamental right, particularly as expressed through the free disposal of its property by a owner, and the right of everyone to the enjoyment of his possessions. Attribute of property right, hunting right belong to the landowner, who can reserve it or lease it, or entrust it to a licensed communal association of hunting (ACCA). The practice of hunting and hunting right are sometimes perceived as a limitation to dispose of one’s property, sometimes as an element of recovery and protection thereof. The relationship between property and hunting rights are also reflected through other conflicting uses, such as, movement of motor vehicles. This exercise of hunting may interfere with compliance with other regulations, for example, the host of the public in the field hunting or compensation for damage by gam

Optical Injection-locked High-speed Heterogeneous Quantum-dot Microring Lasers

We demonstrate < 6× modulation bandwidth extension of a heterogeneous quantum-dot microring laser using optical injection locking, obtaining 18 Gb/s on-off-keying modulation with clear open eyes. Single-mode lasing of all 11 longitudinal modes were achieved with <44 dB side-mode suppression and minimal 5 dB power increase

Heterogeneous Multi-wavelength Optical Injection Locked System-on-chip: a Proposal & Proof-of-concept Experiment

We present proof-of-concept work towards an integrated multi-λ optical injection locked system-on-chip using just one master laser. Tremendous improvement of direct modulation (4→20 Gb/s) and single-mode operation on slave microring laser was achieved

Health-related quality of life of food-allergic children compared with healthy controls and other diseases

Background Food allergy is a potentially life-threatening disease, affecting up to 10% of the pediatric population. Objective The aim of our study was to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of food-allergic patients compared with the general population and patients with other chronic diseases with dietary or allergic burden, in a cross-sectional study. Methods We recruited patients aged 8-17 years diagnosed with food allergy and matched healthy controls recruited in schools. We also included patients with asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, diabetes, obesity, and eating disorders. We used the CHQ-CF87 questionnaire for generic HRQL assessment. Food allergy HRQL was also assessed using specific questionnaires: Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire (FAQLQ) and Food Allergy Independent Measure (FAIM). Results One hundred and thirty-five food-allergic children, 255 children with chronic diseases, and 463 healthy controls were included in the analyses. Food-allergic patients had a better HRQL than healthy controls in the Behavior (BE), Bodily Pain (BP), Family Activities (FA), and Mental Health (MH) domains and a worse HRQL in the General Health Perception (GH) domain (p = .048). Food-allergic patients exhibited a better HRQL than patients affected by other chronic diseases, notably diabetes. Although an epinephrine autoinjector had been prescribed to 87.4% of the food-allergic children, only 54.2% of them carried it at all times. Conclusion Food-allergic patients display overall good HRQL compared with the general population and those with other diseases with daily symptoms and treatments, in line with recent improvements in food allergy management

Adjuvant gemcitabine and concurrent radiation for patients with resected pancreatic cancer: a phase II study

The safety and efficacy of gemcitabine and concurrent radiation to the upper abdomen followed by weekly gemcitabine in patients with resected pancreatic cancer was determined. Patients with resected adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were treated with intravenous gemcitabine administered twice-weekly (40 mg m−2) for 5 weeks concurrent with upper abdominal radiation (50.4 Gy in 5½ weeks). At the completion of the chemoradiation, patients without disease progression were given gemcitabine (1000 mg m−2) weekly for two cycles. Each cycle consisted of 3 weeks of treatment followed by 1 week without treatment. Forty-seven patients were entered, 46 of whom are included in this analysis. Characteristics: median age 61 years (range 35–79); 24 females (58%); 73% stage T3/T4; and 70% lymph node positive. Grade III/IV gastrointestinal or haematologic toxicities were infrequent. The median survival was 18.3 months, while the median time to disease recurrence was 10.3 months. Twenty-four percent of patients were alive at 3 years. Only six of 34 patients with progression experienced local regional relapse as a component of the first site of failure. These results confirm the feasibility of delivering adjuvant concurrent gemcitabine and radiation to the upper abdomen. This strategy produced good local regional tumour control

Adjuvant gemcitabine and concurrent radiation for patients with resected pancreatic cancer: a phase II study

The safety and efficacy of gemcitabine and concurrent radiation to the upper abdomen followed by weekly gemcitabine in patients with resected pancreatic cancer was determined. Patients with resected adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were treated with intravenous gemcitabine administered twice-weekly (40 mg m−2) for 5 weeks concurrent with upper abdominal radiation (50.4 Gy in 5½ weeks). At the completion of the chemoradiation, patients without disease progression were given gemcitabine (1000 mg m−2) weekly for two cycles. Each cycle consisted of 3 weeks of treatment followed by 1 week without treatment. Forty-seven patients were entered, 46 of whom are included in this analysis. Characteristics: median age 61 years (range 35–79); 24 females (58%); 73% stage T3/T4; and 70% lymph node positive. Grade III/IV gastrointestinal or haematologic toxicities were infrequent. The median survival was 18.3 months, while the median time to disease recurrence was 10.3 months. Twenty-four percent of patients were alive at 3 years. Only six of 34 patients with progression experienced local regional relapse as a component of the first site of failure. These results confirm the feasibility of delivering adjuvant concurrent gemcitabine and radiation to the upper abdomen. This strategy produced good local regional tumour control

Hybrid III-V on silicon lasers for photonic integrated circuits on silicon

This paper summarizes recent advances of integrated hybrid InP/SOI lasers and transmitters based on wafer bonding. At first the integration process of III-V materials on silicon is described. Then the paper reports on the results of single wavelength distributed Bragg reflector lasers with Bragg gratings etched on silicon waveguides. We then demonstrate that, thanks to the high-quality silicon bend waveguides, hybrid III-V/Si lasers with two integrated intra-cavity ring resonators can achieve a wide thermal tuning range, exceeding the C band, with a side mode suppression ratio higher than 40 dB. Moreover, a compact array waveguide grating on silicon is integrated with a hybrid III-V/Si gain section, creating a wavelength-selectable laser source with 5 wavelength channels spaced by 400 GHz. We further demonstrate an integrated transmitter with combined silicon modulators and tunable hybrid III-V/Si lasers. The integrated transmitter exhibits 9 nm wavelength tunability by heating an intra-cavity ring resonator, high extinction ratio from 6 to 10 dB, and excellent bit-error-rate performance at 10 Gb/s

Conception, fabrication et réalisation de sources lasers hybrides III-V sur silicium

Avec le développement de l’usage d’internet et les nouveaux services tout en ligne, la quantité de données traitée par les data-centers ne cessent de croître. Ainsi, si la mise en parallèle de plusieurs serveurs permet de répondre à cette demande, un problème structurel apparaît. Comme dans les supercalculateurs entre les noeuds de calculs, les données ne circulent plus suffisamment rapidement entre les serveurs sur les câbles électriques classiques. Pour pallier à ce goulot d’étranglement, l’utilisation de l’optique permet d’obtenir des débits plus importants. Si les câbles actifs existants permettent une solution rapide, la photonique sur silicium présente un avantage certain. L’intégration des composants optiques au plus près des puces électroniques permet de réduire considérablement le chemin des interconnexions ainsi que leurs coûts énergétiques. Une chaine de communication optique complète nécessite différents composants. Si les modulateurs, multiplexeurs, coupleurs fibres, démultiplexeurs et photodetecteurs ont déjà été démontrés, les sources lasers utilisées sont toujours extérieures à la puce photonique. Il s’agit en effet du chainon manquant dans l’intégration complète de l’optique grâce à la photonique sur silicium. Plusieurs architectures ont déjà été proposées mais cette thèse s’appuie sur l’intégration hybride d’un matériau III-V sur le silicium. Le travail de cette thèse a consisté en la conception, la fabrication et la caractérisation de sources laser hybrides III-V sur silicium et a été entièrement accompli aux CEA/LETI. L’architecture du LETI d’un guide III-V couplé à un guide silicium a été améliorée grâce à un critère adiabatique pour obtenir une zone active de laser efficace et robuste. Cette architecture a été déclinée en différents types de lasers (Fabry-Pérot, DBR, racetrack et DFB). La fabrication de ces lasers a nécessité des développements de procédés de structuration du matériau III-V reporté sur du silicium dans les laboratoires du CEA/LETI. Les premiers résultats ont permis la validation de l’architecture utilisée. Les lasers DBR présentent des seuils inférieurs à 20mA et des puissances optiques maximales supérieures à 20mW dans le guide silicium. Ces lasers ont également un fonctionnement monomode avec un SMSR de plus de 50dB. Les lasers DFB possèdent quant à eux des seuils de 30mA et des puissances optiques maximales supérieurs à 40mW dans le guide silicium. Ils sont monomodes avec un SMSR de 40dB. Ces résultats sont à l’état de l’art mondial sur les sources lasers hybrides en photonique sur silicium.With the development of the Internet and the new cloud services, the amount of data processed by data-centers is increasing. Though, if the paralleling of multiple server answer to this growing quantity, a structural problem arises. As in super calculators between nodes calculations, data are not transmitted quickly enough between servers on classical electric cables. This bottleneck can be overcome thanks to the optic which can access greater data rates. If existing active cables allow a quick resolution, silicon photonic has a clear benefit. The integration of the optical components closer to the electronic chips reduces substantially the path of interconnections and their energetic costs.An optical transmitter and receptor need different components. If modulators, multiplexers, fiber coupler, multiplexer and photo-detectors are already achieved, laser sources used are still outside the photonic chip. This is the missing link for a complete optical integration thanks to the silicon photonic. Several architectures have been proposed but this thesis relies on hybrid integration of III-V material on silicon.The work of this thesis consisted on the conception, the fabrication and the characterization of hybrid III-V on Silicon laser sources and was completely done at the CEA/LETI. The LETI architecture composed by a III-V waveguide coupled to a silicon waveguide was improved thanks to a adiabatic criterion to obtain an efficient and robust active area of the laser. This architecture was declined in different kinds of lasers (Fabry-Pérot, DBR, Racetrack and DFB). The fabrication required technological development for the structuration of the reported III-V material on silicon at the laboratories of the CEA/LETI. The first results validates the proposed architectures. The DBR lasers have threshold of less than 20mA and maximal optical power of more than 20mW inside the silicon waveguide. Those lasers are monomode with a SMSR of more than 50dB. The DFB Lasers have threshold of 30mA and maximal optical power of more than 40mW inside the silicon waveguide. They are monomode with SMSR more than 40dB. Those results are world state-of-the-art for hybrids laser sources in silicon photonic

Intangibles financing for French SMEs : Conditions, market failures and impacts

Les investissements immatériels sont devenus prédominants dans les économies avancées, économie de la connaissance pour l’essentiel. Deux questions restent néanmoins ouvertes pour la littérature : la question de la mesure de la valeur (hétérogénéité, méthode, ancrage, complémentarités) et a contrario les défaillances de marchés liées. Le cas spécifique des PME, coeur de l’économie régionale qui nous intéresse ici, accentue la problématique en terme de typologie de ces acteurs, de leur accès au financement et de leur choix de structure financière. Se pose alors inévitablement la question de l’asymétrie d’informations et de la capacité à en réduire l’impact.Nous montrons dans la thèse que les PME françaises dites innovantes ont un modèle de développement intermédiaire entre PME classiques et startup. Elles ont un profil plus intensif en immatériel et des résultats plus portés sur la croissance et l’internationalisation mais avec une structure de financement majoritairement en dette moyen long terme. Confirmant la théorie de l’ordre hiérarchique de financement (POT), le financement bancaire de l’immatériel quand il existe vient en substitution d’un autofinancement en trésorerie.Pour obtenir ces financements, la réduction de l’asymétrie d’informations par la théorie du signal est confirmée notamment une communication web plus intense : les PME au score d’ouverture le plus élevé ont une proportion de dette supérieure à leur bilan. L’action du régulateur est également bénéfique pour réduire les asymétries d’informations, notamment par des normes comptables adaptées mais aussi en organisant un système de nantissement sur brevets qui favorise les financements en dépit d’un marché étroit. La qualité des brevets, notamment leur notoriété est alors clé pour constituer une garantie de valeur.Post-covid, favoriser les conditions du financement de l’immatériel et réduire les imperfections résiduelles peuvent ainsi constituer un soutien précieux de rebond économique et un gage sérieux de compétitivité des économies régionales en France et en Europe.Intangible investments have become predominant in advanced economies, which are actually more and more mainly knowledge-based. However, two issues remain for the research : the assesment of value (heterogeneity of assets, valuation method, anchoring of different factors, complementarities between them) and, in the opposite, related market failures. The specific case of SMEs, the heart of the regional economy in terms of growth an employment and which is our main focus in this research , can complexify the analysis. Indeed, specific features have to be considered in terms of the typology of these actors, their access to financing and their choice of financial structure. Obviously, the question of information asymmetry arises between lenders and borroweres and the ability to reduce its impact can be challenged to create an efficient market.In the thesis, we show that so-called innovative French SMEs have a specific business model in-between SMEs and startups features. They are more intensive in intangibles and more focused on growth and international development like startups but with more mid- to long term debt like other SMEs. Confirming the Pecking Order Theory (POT) , intangibles bank financing is prioritized – if existing - compare to self-financing in cash.To get financing for intangibles, SMEs can reduce the information gap : SMEs with greater openness and more intense web communication tend to benefit from a lower information asymmetry. Regulation is also beneficial in reducing information asymmetry, in particular through appropriate accounting standards but also by organizing a patent collateral system that foster new funding capacities for innovative SMEs despite a narrow market in France. The patents quality, especially their notoriety, is then a key feature to be recognized as a valued guarantee.Post-covid, reducing remaining market failures and better intangible financing conditions should be promoted by policy makers as it could provide a strong support for an economic recovery through a better competitive edge of regional SMEs in France and in Europe