LCA of municipal solid waste incineration in France: from comprehensive site‐ specific data to Life Cycle Inventory modeling

In France, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), including non-hazardous waste from economic activities collected together with post-consumer waste, are primarily incinerated (approximately 30% in 2010; ADEME, 2012). Yet, current Life Cycle Inventory databases do not precisely account for the characteristics of waste incineration in the specific French context, in particular with respect to air emissions, use of reactants, energy recovery rates and treatment of bottom ashes. This study accordingly aims at collecting environmental and energy data specific to French incinerators for their further integration into a dedicated Life Cycle Inventory model. The results of data collection and analysis are focused at in this presentation. Data were collected considering 90 French incinerators, respectively operated by SITA, TIRU and VEOLIA, and representing approximately 73% of the total mass of MSW incinerated in France as of 2012. Firstly, French incineration installations were classified according to their abatement technologies. Wet systems (with liquid emissions) combined with electrostatic precipitators and semi dry/semi wet systems combined with a fabric filter are predominant in France regarding dedusting and acid gas treatment (they respectively represent 34 and 25% of the total amount of waste incinerated). At the same time, Selective Catalytic Reduction (high temperature) combined with reactants for Dediox (36%) and Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction combined with reactants for Dediox (32%) are predominant with respect to NOx and dioxin abatement. Secondly, data of process-specific emissions (NOx, particles, dioxins, etc.) have been collected, considering 90 incinerators and 3 years in a raw (2012 to 2014), for their further statistical treatment by category of abatement technology. The correlation between emission factors and abatement technologies is discussed. Considering each kind of emission factor, a distribution of values is accordingly associated either with a given technology of abatement or with the whole French incineration installations. In addition, building on the mass balance at the scale of one French incineration plant, transfer coefficients are calculated in order to further infer waste-specific emissions (e.g. metals) in the model for Life Cycle Inventory of waste incineration in France. Finally, additional data relative respectively to energy (recovery and consumption), to the use of reactants and to downstream treatment of bottom ashes were collected and further statistically treated, considering the 90 incinerators under study. In particular, MSW appear to be incinerated primarily (55%) in plants cogenerating heat and electricity. As a conclusion, the potential use of these data in a Life Cycle Inventory model dedicated to French incineration is more specifically discussed. Acknowledgements This study was partly funded by the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME) in the framework of the PCI project. The authors wish to thank Patrick Boisseau (TIRU), Jacques Giacomoni (VEOLIA), Lionel Kosior (SITA) and Cédrik Priault (VEOLIA) for their contributions to this work. Reference: ADEME, 2012. L’incinération des déchets ménagers et assimilés. Les avis de l’ADEME. Décembre 2012

Le Mort dans la ville

Le développement de rites mortuaires complexes dans l’histoire de l’Homme a résulté dans un rôle croissant joué par les pratiques funéraires utilisées comme moyen de resserrer les liens à l’intérieur d’une même communauté. À cet égard, le singulier usage d'inhumer un individu au cœur de la communauté révèle avec acuité la force de cette relation que pouvaient entretenir les vivants et les morts. Les découvertes archéologiques récentes ont souligné l’importance de telles pratiques liées aux inhumations intra-muros en Anatolie. Bien qu’il semble possible de tisser un lien continu entre ces coutumes, les contextes dans lesquels s’inscrivent la pratique d’inhumer une personne au cœur même de la communauté, depuis l’enfant du Néolithique à Çatalhöyük à la libraire de Celsius à Ephèse, en passant par le Mausolée d'Halicarnasse, ont néanmoins radicalement changés en fonction des époques et des lieux. L’objectif de ce volume, en rassemblant des spécialistes de périodes et d’horizons différents, est d’offrir non seulement un point général de nos connaissances sur ces questions, mais aussi un éclairage concernant le mécanisme de ces pratiques, leur contexte et leur impact en Anatolie, du début de l’Âge du Bronze à l’époque romaine

One-week cocoa flavanol intake increases prefrontal cortex oxygenation at rest and during moderate-intensity exercise in normoxia and hypoxia.

During exercise in hypoxia, O2 delivery to brain and muscle is compromised, and oxidative stress is elicited. Cocoa flavanols (CF) have antioxidant capacities and can increase blood flow by stimulating endothelial function. We aimed to examine the effects of 7-day CF intake on oxidative stress, nitric oxide production, and tissue oxygenation in response to exercise in normobaric hypoxia (14.3% O2). In a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study, 14 well-trained male cyclists completed four trials: exercise in normoxia or hypoxia, after 7-day CF or placebo intake. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured before intake of the last dose CF or placebo. One hundred minutes later, 20-min steady-state (SS; 45% V̇o2max) and 20-min time trial (TT) (cycling) were performed. Blood samples were taken. Prefrontal and muscular oxygenation was assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy. At baseline, FMD was increased by CF. Hypoxia increased exercise-induced elevations in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity. CF suppressed exercise-induced lipid peroxidation but did not influence antioxidant capacity. At rest and during SS, prefrontal and muscular oxygenation was decreased by hypoxia. CF elevated prefrontal oxygenation but did not impact muscular oxygenation. During TT, hypoxia accelerated the exercise-induced decrease in prefrontal oxygenation, but not in muscular oxygenation. During TT, CF did not alter prefrontal and muscular oxygenation. CF did not change plasma nitrite, nitrate, and arginine:citrulline. During high-intensity exercise, CF improved neither tissue oxygenation nor performance in well-trained athletes. At rest and during moderate-intensity exercise, CF reduced exercise-induced lipid peroxidation and partially restored the hypoxia-induced decline in prefrontal oxygenation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY For the first time, we showed that CF had beneficial effects on endothelial function at rest, as well as on prefrontal oxygenation at rest and during moderate-intensity exercise, both in normoxia and hypoxia. Moreover, we showed that CF intake inhibited oxidative stress during exhaustive exercise in hypoxia.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

L’Orient méditerranéen de la mort d’Alexandre aux campagnes de Pompée

L’Orient méditerranéen, de la mort d’Alexandre le Grand aux campagnes de Pompée (323-63 av. J.-C.), forme un ensemble géographique en pleine mutation, où se constituent de puissants royaumes et s’épanouissent vieilles cités et fondations nouvelles. Depuis les Détroits et le Pont-Euxin jusqu’à la frontière égyptienne, depuis les îles de la côte micrasiatique jusqu’à l’Halys ou l’Euphrate, un espace territorial aux formes mouvantes et aux populations diverses devient le théâtre de bouleversements décisifs que les historiens de l’Antiquité perçoivent avec acuité en raison du renouvellement de la documentation épigraphique et archéologique. Les conflits des Diadoques finissent par définir dans une stabilité relative plusieurs dynasties, comme les Séleucides ou les Attalides, qui intègrent les héritages macédoniens ou achéménides, mais qui inventent aussi un nouveau langage idéologique pour mieux asseoir leur légitimité et leur pouvoir. Parallèlement à l’expansion de ces entités monarchiques, les cités mènent leur propre histoire, plus ou moins grande, et tentent, dans un tissu de relations complexes, de se faire entendre et respecter à l’échelle des nouvelles puissances du temps. Les phénomènes d’acculturation sont tout aussi fondamentaux. De l’hellénisation à la romanisation, les sociétés qui composent cet espace connaissent de profonds changements, ce qui oblige les historiens à repenser les schémas trop simplistes d’influence ou de mélange des populations et des cultures. Le colloque de la Société des professeurs d’histoire ancienne, tenu à l’université Rennes 2 les 4-6 avril 2003, était l’occasion de dresser un bilan et d’ouvrir des pistes de recherche pour mieux comprendre une des mutations les plus importantes de l’histoire de ces régions, qui n’est pas sans rappeler certaines transformations du XXe siècle. « Nulle époque n’est sans doute mieux faite que la nôtre pour lire, dans le bruit et la fureur, l’histoire hellénistique » (Éd. Will)

Économie et société en Grèce antique

Les historiens de l’Antiquité s’interrogent beaucoup sur les relations établies entre les économies et les sociétés des mondes grecs, et, pourtant, il n’existe aucune synthèse récente depuis le monumental ouvrage de M. I. Rostovtseff, Histoire économique et sociale du monde hellénistique, paru en 1941. De très nombreuses études dispersées ont paru, qui souvent, par delà les bilans utiles ou les nouveaux documents publiés, modifient la vision générale sur tel ou tel champ de l’économie grecque et ses répercussions sociales. Sans prétendre à l’exhaustivité, ni avoir d’autre ambition qu’une mise au point historiographique partielle, le présent volume rassemble quelques-unes de ces études qui ont marqué la discipline par leur approche, leurs perspectives ou leurs idées novatrices. Articles savants en forme de bilan ou chapitres d’ouvrages spécialisés, parfois traduits de langues étrangères, les textes ici présentés apportent chacun à leur manière, de l’élevage au crédit, de l’époque classique à l’époque hellénistique, un éclairage particulièrement intéressant pour qui réfléchit à l’économie antique et aux sociétés de la Grèce classique et hellénistique

Hellenistic Karia

Le présent volume procède d'un colloque organisé à Oxford à l'été 2006. Rassemblant linguistes, archéologues, épigraphistes, numismates et historiens, il fut l'occasion d'échanger des idées sur une période de transition fondamentale dans l'histoire de la Carie : le ive siècle et les deux siècles qui suivirent la conquête d'Alexandre. Cette période fut en effet d'abord marquée par la présence et la visibilité des satrapes, mais aussi ensuite par une intense activité civique et une conscience politique accrue des communautés cariennes. La symbiose entre les îles du Dodécanèse, en particulier Rhodes et Cos, et le littoral carien constitue un autre thème important. Plusieurs communications se rattachent enfin à une orientation de recherche sur les cultures anatoliennes qui est aujourd'hui en plein essor, celle de l'étude des interactions culturelles entre Grecs et Anatoliens depuis la fin de l'âge du Bronze et le début de l'âge du Fer, dont on perçoit encore les échos aux époques plus récentes.The conference on which the present volume is based took place in Oxford in the summer of 2006. It brought together linguists, archaologists, epigraphists, numismatists and historians and allowed them to exchange ideas about a period of major transition in Karian history: the fourth century and the two centuries after Alexander. This was first a period of great starapal visibility and presence, but then alsol of intense civic engagement and increased political awareness among Karian communities. The symbiotic relationship between the islands of the Dodekanese, in particular Rhodes and Kos, and the coastal regions of Karia forms another major theme. Finally, a number of papers pick up on a major recent trend in the study of Anatolian culture, namely the investigation of cross-cultural Greeak-Anatolian interactions in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages and their echoes in later periods

Shotgun metagenomics and systemic targeted metabolomics highlight indole-3-propionic acid as a protective gut microbial metabolite against influenza infection

International audienceThe gut-to-lung axis is critical during respiratory infections, including influenza A virus (IAV) infection. In the present study, we used high-resolution shotgun metagenomics and targeted metabolomic analysis to characterize influenza-associated changes in the composition and metabolism of the mouse gut microbiota. We observed several taxonomic-level changes on day (D)7 post-infection, including a marked reduction in the abundance of members of the Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae families, and an increase in the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila. On D14, perturbation persisted in some species. Functional scale analysis of metagenomic data revealed transient changes in several metabolic pathways, particularly those leading to the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), polyamines, and tryptophan metabolites. Quantitative targeted metabolomics analysis of the serum revealed changes in specific classes of gut microbiota metabolites, including SCFAs, trimethylamine, polyamines, and indole-containing tryptophan metabolites. A marked decrease in indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) blood level was observed on D7. Changes in microbiota-associated metabolites correlated with changes in taxon abundance and disease marker levels. In particular, IPA was positively correlated with some Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae species (Limosilactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus animalis) and negatively correlated with Bacteroidales bacterium M7, viral load, and inflammation markers. IPA supplementation in diseased animals reduced viral load and lowered local (lung) and systemic inflammation. Treatment of mice with antibiotics targeting IPA-producing bacteria before infection enhanced viral load and lung inflammation, an effect inhibited by IPA supplementation. The results of this integrated metagenomic-metabolomic analysis highlighted IPA as an important contributor to influenza outcomes and a potential biomarker of disease severity

Acute cocoa Flavanols intake has minimal effects on exercise-induced oxidative stress and nitric oxide production in healthy cyclists: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background Cocoa flavanols (CF) can stimulate vasodilation by improved nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. This study aimed to examine whether acute CF intake can affect exercise-induced changes in antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress, inflammation and NO production, as well as exercise performance and recovery in well-trained cyclists. Methods Twelve well-trained male cyclists (mean ± SD age, VO2max: 30 ± 3 years, 63.0 ± 3.5 ml/kg/min) participated in this randomized, double-blind, cross over study. On 2 separate occasions, subjects performed two 30-min time trials 1.5 (TT1) and 3 (TT2) hours after CF (900 mg CF) or placebo (PL, 13 mg CF) intake, interposed by passive rest. Lactate, glucose, heartrate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and power output were measured during the TTs. Blood was drawn at baseline, before and after each TT and analyzed for epicatechin serum concentrations, trolox equivalent antioxidative capacity (TEAC), uric acid (UA), malonaldehyde (MDA), L-arginine/ADMA, citrulline, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α plasma concentrations. Relative changes in blood markers and pacing strategy during TT were analysed by repeated measured ANOVA. TT performance was compared between PL and CF by paired t-test. Results Epicatechin concentrations were increased by CF intake. Exercise-induced increase in TEAC/UA was improved by CF intake (F(1) = 5.57; p = .038) (post-TT1: PL: 113.34 ± 3.9%, CF: 117.64 ± 3.96%, post-TT2: PL: 108.59 ± 3.95%, CF: 123.72 ± 7.4% to baseline), while exercise-induced increases in MDA, IL-1 and IL-6 were not affected by CF intake. TNF-α was unaltered by exercise and by CF. Exercise-induced decreases in L-arginine/ADMA and increases in citrulline were not affected by CF intake. TT1 and TT2 performance and exercise-induced physiological changes were unaffected by CF intake. Conclusion Acute CF intake increased total antioxidant capacity in rest and during exercise, but did not affect exercise-induced lipid peroxidation, inflammation, nor NO production in healthy athletes. Acute CF intake did not improve TT performance and recovery. Trial registration ISRCTN32875 , 21-11-2016, retrospectively registered