Global economic governance and economic policy: A personal perspective

The policy advice given by economists in international institutions is influenced by their prior academic work. In my case, applied general equilibrium work resulted both in a belief in the necessity of decentralized markets and in a distrust of their ability to be stable. A career in international institutions can also create a global outlook that can be a public good when trying to achieve collective action while accommodating legitimate but narrower national interests. Finally, even if an underlying economic strategy is well designed, emphasis on communications with multiple audiences is crucial for both national and international policy success

Can We Improve Confusion, Uremia, Respiratory Rate, Blood Pressure, Age >65 with Lactate and Procalcitonin to Predict Mortality in Pneumonia?

Introduction: Pneumonia is a common diagnosis in the emergency department (ED). Some scoring systems such as Confusion, Uremia, Respiratory Rate, Blood Pressure, Age>65 (CURB-65) are used to determine the severity of this disease. We aimed to determine the best scoring system (CURB-65, serum lactate+CURB-65, serum procalcinonin+CURB-65) to predict the severity and 30-day mortality of pneumonia patients admitted to our ED. Methods: This study was planned as a prospective study. 480 community-acquired pneumonia patients admitted to our ED between February 1, 2020, and January 31, 2021, were included. CURB-65 score, CURB-65+lactate levels, and CURB65+procalcitonin levels were evaluated to predict disease severity. Results: A total of 480 pneumonia patients, 281 (58.5%) men and 199 (41.5%) women, with a mean age of 61.7 ± 19.06 years, were included in the study. The sensitivity/specificity pair and cut-off value of CURB-65 for 30-day mortality was 71.9/74.8%. These values were 68.5% and 61.9% for CURB-65+lactate (cut-off = 17.50) and 78.1% and 90.7% for CURB-65+procalcitonin (cut-off = 2.095). Discussion: Infectious diseases such as pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and sepsis are common reasons for ED presentations and may be fatal, especially in the elderly population. In such infectious diseases, it is difficult to predict the prognosis of the patients including discharge, hospitalization service, mortality probability in the EDs those are becoming much more crowded each day and several scoring systems have been improved. In this study, the highest sensitivity and specificity were determined in CURB-65+procalcitonin. Conclusion: CURB-65 is superior to CURB-65+lactate; however, CURB-65+procalcitonin is superior to both in predicting 30-day mortality