Disubstituted piperazine analogues of trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine and methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine: analytical differentiation and serotonin receptor binding studies

A series of N,N-disubstituted piperazines were synthesized containing the structural elements of both methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine (MDBP) and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) in a single molecule. These six potential designer drug molecules having a regioisomeric relationship were compared in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy and serotonin receptor affinity studies. These compounds were separated by capillary gas chromatography on an Rxi®-17Sil MS stationary phase film and the elution order appears to be determined by the position of aromatic ring substitution. The majority of electron ionization mass spectral fragment ions occur via processes initiated by one of the two nitrogen atoms of the piperazine ring. The major electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS) fragment ions observed in all six of these regioisomeric substances occur at m/z = 364, 229, 163 and 135. The relative intensity of the various fragment ions is also equivalent in each of the six EI-MS spectra. The vapour phase infrared spectra provide a number of absorption bands to differentiate among the six individual compounds on this regioisomeric set. Thus, the mass spectra place these compounds into a single group and the vapour phase infrared spectra differentiate among the six regioisomeric possibilities. All of the TFMPP–MDBP regioisomers displayed significant binding to 5-HT2B receptors and in contrast to 3-TFMPP, most of these TFMPP–MDBP isomers did not show significant binding at 5-HT1 receptor subtypes. Only the 3-TFMPP-3,4-MDBP (Compound 5) isomer displayed affinity comparable to 3-TFMPP at 5-HT1A receptors (Ki = 188 nmol/L)

Analytical Differentiation of 1‑Alkyl-3-acylindoles and 1‑Acyl-3-alkylindoles: Isomeric Synthetic Cannabinoids

The 1-alkyl-3-acylindoles and the inverse regioisomeric 1-acyl-3-alkylindoles can be prepared directly from a common set of precursor materials and using similar synthetic strategies. The EI mass spectra for these isomers show a number of unique ions which allow for the differentiation of the 1-alkyl-3-acylindole compounds from the inverse regioisomeric 1-acyl-3-alkylindoles. The base peak at <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 214 in the 1-<i>n</i>-pentyl-3-benzoylindole represents the M-77 cation fragment resulting from the loss of the phenyl group, and this ion is not observed in the inverse isomer. The 1-benzoyl-3-<i>n</i>-pentylindole inverse regioisomer shows a base peak at <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 105 for the benzoyl cation. Thus, these two base peaks are the result of fragmentation initiated at the carbonyl-oxygen for both isomers. The 1-pentyl-3-benzoylindole is characterized by the strong intensity carbonyl band at 1703 cm^–1, while the amide carbonyl appears as a strong band of equal intensity at 1681 cm^–1 in the 1-benzoyl-3-pentyl regioisomer

Disubstituted piperazine analogues of trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine and methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine: analytical differentiation and serotonin receptor binding studies

<p>A series of N,N-disubstituted piperazines were synthesized containing the structural elements of both methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine (MDBP) and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) in a single molecule. These six potential designer drug molecules having a regioisomeric relationship were compared in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy and serotonin receptor affinity studies. These compounds were separated by capillary gas chromatography on an Rxi®-17Sil MS stationary phase film and the elution order appears to be determined by the position of aromatic ring substitution.</p> <p>The majority of electron ionization mass spectral fragment ions occur via processes initiated by one of the two nitrogen atoms of the piperazine ring. The major electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS) fragment ions observed in all six of these regioisomeric substances occur at <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> = 364, 229, 163 and 135. The relative intensity of the various fragment ions is also equivalent in each of the six EI-MS spectra. The vapour phase infrared spectra provide a number of absorption bands to differentiate among the six individual compounds on this regioisomeric set. Thus, the mass spectra place these compounds into a single group and the vapour phase infrared spectra differentiate among the six regioisomeric possibilities.</p> <p>All of the TFMPP–MDBP regioisomers displayed significant binding to 5-HT_2B receptors and in contrast to 3-TFMPP, most of these TFMPP–MDBP isomers did not show significant binding at 5-HT₁ receptor subtypes. Only the 3-TFMPP-3,4-MDBP (Compound 5) isomer displayed affinity comparable to 3-TFMPP at 5-HT_1A receptors (<i>K_i</i> = 188 nmol/L).</p

Evaluate the in vitro effect of anthracycline and alkylating cytophosphane chemotherapeutics on dopaminergic neurons

Abstract Background Iatrogenesis is an inevitable global threat to healthcare that drastically increases morbidity and mortality. Cancer is a fatal pathological condition that affects people of different ages, sexes, and races around the world. In addition to the detrimental cancer pathology, one of the most common contraindications and challenges observed in cancer patients is severe adverse drug effects and hypersensitivity reactions induced by chemotherapy. Chemotherapy‐induced cognitive neurotoxicity is clinically referred to as Chemotherapy‐induced cognitive impairment (CICI), chemobrain, or chemofog. In addition to CICI, chemotherapy also causes neuropsychiatric issues, mental disorders, hyperarousal states, and movement disorders. A synergistic chemotherapy regimen of Doxorubicin (Anthracycline‐DOX) and Cyclophosphamide (Alkylating Cytophosphane‐CPS) is indicated for the management of various cancers (breast cancer, lymphoma, and leukemia). Nevertheless, there are limited research studies on Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide's pharmacodynamic and toxicological effects on dopaminergic neuronal function. Aim This study evaluated the dopaminergic neurotoxic effects of Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide. Methods and Results Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide were incubated with dopaminergic (N27) neurons. Neuronal viability was assessed using an MTT assay. The effect of Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide on various prooxidants, antioxidants, mitochondrial Complex‐I & IV activities, and BAX expression were evaluated by Spectroscopic, Fluorometric, and RT‐PCR methods, respectively. Prism‐V software (La Jolla, CA, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Chemotherapeutics dose‐dependently inhibited the proliferation of the dopaminergic neurons. The dopaminergic neurotoxic mechanism of Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide was attributed to a significant increase in prooxidants, a decrease in antioxidants, and augmented apoptosis without affecting mitochondrial function. Conclusion This is one of the first reports that reveal Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide induce significant dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Thus, Chemotherapy‐induced adverse drug reaction issues substantially persist during and after treatment and sometimes never be completely resolved clinically. Consequently, failure to adopt adequate patient care measures for cancer patients treated with certain chemotherapeutics might substantially raise the incidence of numerous movement disorders

Spectroscopic Differentiation and Chromatographic Separation of Regioisomeric Indole Aldehydes: Synthetic Cannabinoids Precursors

The compounds in this study are the six regioisomeric 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-formyl indoles and the corresponding six regioisomeric N-n-pentylindole aldehydes. These compounds can serve as precursor chemicals and synthetic intermediates for a number of synthetic cannabinoid drugs. These two sets (the six regioisomeric indole aldehydes as well as the six regioisomeric pentylindole aldehydes) each have identical elemental compositions and differ in the position of attachment of the aldehyde group on the indole ring. The electron ionization mass spectra for the indole aldehydes were essentially identical. However, the vapor phase infrared spectra showed differences in the absorption frequencies for the NH and carbonyl groups based on intramolecular interactions. The associated NH absorption band occurs as low as 3467 cm−1 while the free band is as high as 3517 cm−1. The aldehyde carbonyl band for the indole aldehydes varies from 1713 cm−1 to 1686 cm−1. Substitution of the aldehyde group on the pyrrole ring for the N-n-pentylindole aldehydes yields lower carbonyl absorption bands. The EI mass spectra for the pentylindole aldehydes are identical with little information for differentiation among these six regioisomeric compounds. The six compounds were separated on a capillary column using gas chromatography and the elution order appears to be related to the steric crowding of the indole ring substituents. Graphical abstrac

Identification of novel fragmentation pathways and fragment ion structures in the tandem mass spectra of protonated synthetic cathinones

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