Effects of excess and deficient boron and niacin on the ultrastructure of root cells in Daucus carota cv. Nantes

WOS: 000321228000016The effects of excess and deficient boron and niacin on vascular tissues of carrot roots (Daucus carota L. cv. Nantes) were investigated in plants grown in medium both rich and poor in boron and also boron with niacin. Five media were investigated: control (MS medium), boron-deficient MS medium, MS medium with excess boron, niacin-deficient MS medium, MS medium with niacin excess, and MS medium with excess boron and niacin. In anatomical cross sections, lignification was seen in middle lamellar pectins in the tracheary cells of boron deficit grown carrot roots, while in the other applications including excess boron lignification was in the secondary walls. Number of xylem arches and tracheary lengths of root cells were different, but not significantly so. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) sections of vessels from roots grown in media with excess boron and deficient boron revealed paramural bodies in the tracheary walls. Paramural bodies were found in the tracheary cell walls of both boron deficient and boron excess grown carrot roots. In root cells grown in media with excess and deficient boron, tracheary cells had amyloplasts. While the boron deficient medium grown carrot roots had amyloplasts scarcely, in boron excess grown root cells these amyloplasts filled the vessels densely

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF BERRIES OF JUNIPER US MACROCARPA SIBTH. & SM. FROM TURKEY

WOS: 000470911600016The chemical compositions of the hydrodistilled essential oils of ripen and unripen berries of Juniperus macrocarpa Sibth. & Sm. (Jom) were analysed by GC-MS. Thirty eight compounds were identified from unripe berries, accounting for approximately 0.03% oil yield (v/w dried weight) and 16 compounds from ripe berries with 0.003% oil yield (v/w dried weight). While the major compounds in the essential oils of unripe berries were alpha-cedrol (30.04%), alpha-pinene (18.81%),germacrene-D (14.58%), delta--cadinene (3.80%), gamma-cadinene (2.29%), alpha-humulene (2.29%), gamma-muurolene (2.27%), epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene (1.69%), trans-caryophyllene (1.68%), valencen (1.53 %) and alpha-cedrol (49.87%), beta- caryophyllene (29.57%), alpha-cedrene (4.75%), gamma-muurolene (2.54%), carvacrol methyl ether (1.4%), trans-pinocarveol (1.2%), alpha-pinene (1.13%), alpha-muurolene (1.04%) were identified from ripe berries and their mean percentage varied according to their phenological stage. Both qualitative and quantitative differences between ripe and unripe berries of the plant were observed

VARIATIONS IN THE PROLINE AND TOTAL PROTEIN CONTENTS IN ORIGANUM SIPYLEUM L. FROM DIFFERENT ALTITUDES OF SPIL MOUNTAIN, TURKEY

WOS: 000315358800076Soil samples and leaves of Origanum sipyleum L., were collected from 5 different altitudes of Spil mountain situated in the State of Manisa in the West Anatolian part of Turkey. The soils were analysed to determine pH, organic matter content, calcium carbonate and other chemical constituents. The photosynthetic pigment, proline and total protein contents of leaves were also determined. Results obtained showed that O. sipyleum grows on sandy-loam soils, rich in organic matter content, with pH varying between 6.11-6.97. It prefers slightly acidic and neutral soils, rich in N and P, but poor in K. The physiological analyses revealed that total protein and proline contents increased whereas photosynthetic pigment decreased at 520 and 790m altitudes. All parameters decreased at 1020 and 1150m altitudes. A statistically significant correlation was observed at higher altitudes

Identification of benzoin obtained from calli of Styrax officinalis by HPLC

WOS: 000324167200017The stem tissue of Styrax officinalis L. distributed in West Anatolia was induced with agents such as boric acid and cocarboxylase (thiamine diphosphate), extensive stimulators of resin channels, in order to increase the amount of benzoin volatile oil. While the benzoin content was 120% in the induction medium to which excess boron and niacin were added, it increased to 231% when cocarboxylase (thiamine diphosphate) was added to the medium. Benzoin content of Styrax from petiole calli was 166%. HPLC-DAD results revealed that benzoin resin was present in 90% of the stems of Styrax officinalis distributed in West Anatolia. The major components of excess boron-and niacin-induced stem calli were hexane (58.33%), 3-methyl 2-pentene (16.10%), and cyclohexane (8.88%). Hexane (62%), methyl cyclopentane (19.09%), cyclohexane (12.04%), 2-hexanone (0.04%), ethylbenzene (0.03%), and benzene and 1-chloro-2-methylpropyl benzene (propene) were identified by the cocarboxylase application and GC-MS method. With enzyme application, while the percentages of decane and benzyl alcohol decreased, the cyclohexane ratio increased to 12.04%. Acetone (0.03%), ethyl acetate (4.10%), and dichloro methane (0.17%) contents were high as well

Volumetric analysis of airborne pollen grains in the city of Usak, Turkey

WOS: 000424018400006Airborne pollen in Usak, a province in Turkey, was studied for two years (from 1 February 2014 to 31 January 2016) using the volumetric method and the most recent pollen data of the region were obtained. During the study, 23,915 pollen grains were detected. The pollens detected belonged to 53 taxa. Of the 53 taxa, 28 were woody and 25 were herbaceous. Of the pollen grains detected, 86% (20,565 pollen grains) were from woody plants, 4.74% (1133 pollen grains) belonged to Poaceae, and 8.65% (2071 pollen grains) were from other herbaceous plants, whereas 0.61% (146 pollen grains) were unidentified pollen grains. Of the woody taxa, those whose pollen grains comprised more than 1% each of the total number of pollen grains during the study were Quercus (32.60%), Pinaceae (31.96%), Cupressaceae/Taxaceae (10.22%), Fraxinus (5.47%), and Platanus (1.12%), whereas of the herbaceous taxa, those whose pollen grains comprised more than 1% each of the total number of pollen grains were Poaceae (4.74%), Amaranthaceae (1.82%), Plantago (1.59%), and Rumex (1.18%). In the two-year period, the highest airborne pollen concentrations were recorded in May (47.30%), followed by April (27.64%) and June (10.47%). The results obtained in the study indicated that the dominant airborne pollen types detected in Usak generally had allergenic effects at moderate or high levels and that these taxa reached the highest amount in May.TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [TBAG - 113Z065]The authors would like extend their sincere thanks to TUBITAK for its financial support (Project number TBAG - 113Z065)

EFFECTS OF THE EXTRACT FROM DIFFERENT PLANT PARTS OF FERULA COMMUNIS SPP. COMMUNIS ON THE SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF BARLEY AND CUCUMBER

WOS: 000436522400019The present study was conducted to observe the effects of Ferula communis L. ssp. comntunis on seed germination and seedling growth of barley and cucumber. Different concentrations of the extract showed inhibition in all parameters. The maximum reduction was recorded in the germination of barley (60 %) and a lowest vigor index noted when 50 percent leaf extract was applied. The maximum decrease in root (91.88 %) and shoot (82.46 %) length in the barley seedlings occurred in 50 percent flower extract. The maximum reduction in root fresh weight (80.28 %), dry weight (71.43 %) and shoot fresh weight (80.33 %) was found in 50 percent flower extract application and whole plant extract was responsible for 50 percent reduction in the shoot dry weight of barley seedlings. No germination in cucumber was observed in 50 percent flower extract application. The maximum reduction of germination rate (53 %) and vigor index in other groups was again around 50 percent with fruit extract application. The greatest reduction was recorded in root (62.16 %) and shoot (27.55 %) length, root fresh (75.86 %) and dry (36.59 %) weights, and shoot fresh (56.76 %) and dry (13.64 %) weights in cucumber seedlings after applying 50 percent leaf extract. Roots were more affected than shoots and the extracts taken from flowers and leaves were more suppressive as compared to the fruits and whole plant

Aeropalynological survey in the city center of Aydin (Turkey)

WOS: 000572677300005Airborne pollen grains in Aydin, an important city for agriculture and tourism in the western part of Turkey, were studied for 2 years (2014 and 2015) using the volumetric method. During a 2-year study conducted in the city center, an average of 19,226 pollen grains belonging to 46 taxa were detected. Among these detected taxa, 29 (average 73.97%) belonged to arboreal plants and 17 (average 24.95%) to nonarboreal plants. the highest pollen concentrations belonged to Olea europaea (21.02%), Quercus (15.23%), Poaceae (11.89%), Pinaceae (11.47%), Cupressaceae/Taxaceae (11.11%), Platanus(4.12%), Morus (3.83%), and Urticaceae (3.58%), which were considered to be the dominant species. We used the Spearman correlation test to assess the relationship between the daily pollen concentrations belonging to these 8 taxa and the mean average temperature (degrees C), daily precipitation (mm), mean average relative humidity (%), and mean average wind speed (m/sec), which yielded significant results. A negative correlation was found between the average temperature and the pollen concentrations of Poaceae, Pinaceae, Cupressaceae/Taxaceae, Morus, and Urtica in both years. Furthermore, while the average wind speed only had a negative effect on the pollen concentrations of some taxa, the effects of relative humidity and precipitation on the pollen concentrations of dominant taxa varied from one taxon to another and between the 2 years. the results obtained in this study indicated that the top 3 dominant airborne pollen types (Olea europaea, Quercus, and Poaceae) in the atmosphere of Aydin generally had allergenic effects at high levels, and the highest pollen concentration during the study period was detected in May.Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [TBAG-113Z065]This study was supported by a grant from the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK; Project number: TBAG-113Z065).We would like to thank Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Agriculture and Muavviz Ayvaz for their technical support

Moderate electric field-assisted hydro-distillation of thyme essential oil: Characterization of microstructural changes

Novel technologies are applied to improve the hydro-distillation process in the production of essential oils of commercial importance. In this study, it was aimed to examine the effect of the moderate electric field-assisted hydro-distillation (MEF-D) method, which was applied at different frequencies and wave type conditions, on the microstructural changes of thyme samples. Microscopic images of the samples were taken before and after MEF-D treatments. The perimeter and area of peltate and capitate cells in leaves and stems were measured, and the percentage of damage to secretory cells was determined. The results were compared with the conventional hydro-distillation method. The correlation analysis was performed for the relations between different responses; image analysis results, the cell disintegration index (Zc), and essential oil yields after MEF-D treatments. The highest oil yield (52.2 +/- 4.02) was obtained with MEF-D square wave type at 1,000 Hz condition (p 0.05). Glandular trichomes were damaged in all conditions (p 0.05). Damaged Glandular Trichomes (DGT) values were higher for MEF-D square wave conditions compared to the sine wave (p 0.05). The highest Zc values (0.80 +/- 0.02 for sine wave type and 0.78 +/- 0.03 for square wave type) were obtained for 1,000 Hz frequency application in both wave types. Good correlations (Pearson correlation coefficient > 0.995) between image analysis parameters and Zc were obtained. MEF-D method increased the anatomical changes, and thus resulted in a higher yield of essential oil. It is expected that the results of the study will contribute to the improvement of hyro-distillation processes.This study is a part of a project titled Investigation of Effects of Moderate Electric Field Application in Food Processing on the Changes of Plant and Animal Tissues' and is financially supported by TUEBITAK (THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF TUERKIYE) Project No. 119O768. The authors gratefully acknowledge TUEBITAK for financial support.TUEBITAK (THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF TUERKIYE) [119O768