Comparison of Normal Hematological and Biochemical values in Male and Female buffaloes

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of difference in gender on some hematological and serum biochemical constituents in buffaloes. In total, 30 healthy buffaloes (1–2 years old) of both sexes were examined at various buffalo farms in Assiut, Egypt. Two blood samples were collected from the jugular vein. The first blood sample was used for biochemical analysis. The second blood sample was used for hematological analysis. The results revealed significant increases in serum levels of most of the measured biochemical parameters in male than in female buffaloes, except serum albumen and blood urea nitrogen levels, which were significantly higher (P<0.01) in female buffaloes. In addition, no significant changes were observed in serum total proteins and globulins levels, and in serum gamma glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase activities. There were significant increases in hematocrit % (P<0.01) and mean corpuscular volume (P<0.05) in female than in male buffaloes. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was significantly lower (P<0.01) in female than in male buffaloes. No significant changes were reported in leucocytes and platelets. It could be concluded that hematological and serum biochemical constituents are varied between male and female buffaloes, which necessities the importance of using separate groups from male and female buffaloes in research studies

Comparative Study on Reference Values for Blood Constituents during Pregnancy in Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

Reference values for buffaloes especially those at pregnancy are not yet established. The aim of this study was to establish serum biochemical and hematological reference values for water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) during pregnancy. In total 409 pregnant buffaloes were examined at buffaloes' farms that belong to Assiut Governorate at the mid of Egypt. Out of them, 107 buffaloes did not meet the selection criteria and were excluded from the study. The remained 302 clinically healthy buffaloes were classified according to the stage of pregnancy into two groups: Group I; included buffaloes till 6 months of pregnancy (No.=146). Group II; included buffaloes after 6 months of pregnancy (No.=156). Three types of samples were collected; serum samples for biochemical analysis, whole blood samples for hematological analysis and fecal samples for parasitological examination. A total of 55 blood variables were measured during this study. The 95% reference intervals for each serum biochemical and hematological constituents were calculated by removing the upper and lower 2.5% of the interval to give the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. The present study established the reference intervals for the investigated biochemical and hematological parameters in blood of pregnant buffaloes. Results revealed that most of the measured blood constituents were differed significantly during the period before and after 6 months of pregnancy in buffaloes. In conclusion, the established reference values will be a useful guide for interpreting serum biochemical and hematologic data in pregnant buffaloes

Characterizing the morbid genome of ciliopathies

Background Ciliopathies are clinically diverse disorders of the primary cilium. Remarkable progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of these genetically heterogeneous conditions; however, our knowledge of their morbid genome, pleiotropy, and variable expressivity remains incomplete. Results We applied genomic approaches on a large patient cohort of 371 affected individuals from 265 families, with phenotypes that span the entire ciliopathy spectrum. Likely causal mutations in previously described ciliopathy genes were identified in 85% (225/265) of the families, adding 32 novel alleles. Consistent with a fully penetrant model for these genes, we found no significant difference in their “mutation load” beyond the causal variants between our ciliopathy cohort and a control non-ciliopathy cohort. Genomic analysis of our cohort further identified mutations in a novel morbid gene TXNDC15, encoding a thiol isomerase, based on independent loss of function mutations in individuals with a consistent ciliopathy phenotype (Meckel-Gruber syndrome) and a functional effect of its deficiency on ciliary signaling. Our study also highlighted seven novel candidate genes (TRAPPC3, EXOC3L2, FAM98C, C17orf61, LRRCC1, NEK4, and CELSR2) some of which have established links to ciliogenesis. Finally, we show that the morbid genome of ciliopathies encompasses many founder mutations, the combined carrier frequency of which accounts for a high disease burden in the study population. Conclusions Our study increases our understanding of the morbid genome of ciliopathies. We also provide the strongest evidence, to date, in support of the classical Mendelian inheritance of Bardet-Biedl syndrome and other ciliopathies

Comparison of Normal Hematological and Biochemical values in Male and Female buffaloes

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of difference in gender on some hematological and serum biochemical constituents in buffaloes. In total, 30 healthy buffaloes (1–2 years old) of both sexes were examined at various buffalo farms in Assiut, Egypt. Two blood samples were collected from the jugular vein. The first blood sample was used for biochemical analysis. The second blood sample was used for hematological analysis. The results revealed significant increases in serum levels of most of the measured biochemical parameters in male than in female buffaloes, except serum albumen and blood urea nitrogen levels, which were significantly higher (P<0.01) in female buffaloes. In addition, no significant changes were observed in serum total proteins and globulins levels, and in serum gamma glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase activities. There were significant increases in hematocrit % (P<0.01) and mean corpuscular volume (P<0.05) in female than in male buffaloes. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was significantly lower (P<0.01) in female than in male buffaloes. No significant changes were reported in leucocytes and platelets. It could be concluded that hematological and serum biochemical constituents are varied between male and female buffaloes, which necessities the importance of using separate groups from male and female buffaloes in research studies

Reference Intervals for Rectal Temperature in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Heifers

To the best of the authors knowledge, reference intervals for rectal temperature in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) has not been previously published. This study was undertaken to establish this reference interval for water buffalo heifers. Based on the statement of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, at least 120 values are necessary to obtain reliable estimates for reference intervals. A total number of 127 healthy buffalo heifers (1–2 years old) were selected based on a set of inclusion criteria. The health status of heifers was confirmed based on clinical examinations and laboratory analyses. Animals were examined at buffalo farms that belong to Assiut Governorate, Egypt. Rectal temperature was measured using a clinical thermometer. Three types of samples were collected: serum samples for biochemical analysis, whole blood samples for haematological analysis and faecal samples for parasitological examination. The 95% reference intervals were calculated by removing the upper and lower 2.5% of the interval to give the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. Confidence intervals were calculated for the reference limit. The current study was able to establish reference intervals for rectal temperature in water buffalo heifers

Serum biochemical and haematological reference intervals for water buffalo (<i>Bubalus bubalis</i>) heifers

Based on a review of the literature, reference intervals for water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) serum biochemistry and haematology have not previously been published. The current study was done to establish reference intervals for water buffalo heifers. The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry stated that at least 120 values are necessary to obtain reliable estimates for reference intervals. A total number of 127 clinically healthy buffalo heifers (1–2 years old) were included in the study. Animals were examined at buffalo farms that belong to Assiut Governorate, Egypt. Three types of samples were collected: serum samples for biochemical analysis, whole blood samples for haematological analysis and faecal samples for parasitological examination. Animals that fitted the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Biochemical analysis included serum total proteins, albumin, total globulins, alpha, beta and gamma globulin levels, and aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity. In addition to the above, serum creatinine, urea, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, copper, zinc, iron, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, glucose levels and 20 haematological variables were measured. The 95.0% reference intervals were calculated by removing the upper and lower 2.5% of the interval for each serum biochemical constituent to give the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. Confidence intervals were calculated for each reference limit. Reference intervals from the current study were compared with established values for cows. The current study is as far as could be determined the first that establishes reference intervals for the serum biochemical and haematological parameters in water buffalo heifers