Analyse protéomique différentielle des cellules endothéliales de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (identification de protéines induites par les cellules gliales)

En contrôlant le passage para- et transcellulaire des composés du sang vers le cerveau (et inversement), la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE) constitue la gardienne du compartiment cérébral. Bien que relativement connu dans son aspect physiologique, le phénotype BHE des cellules endothéliales des capillaires cérébraux (BCECs) reste mal compris au regard des mécanismes moléculaires qui gouvernent son établissement et son maintien. Dans cette optique, à l aide du modèle in vitro de BHE développé au laboratoire (co-culture de BCECs bovines et de cellules gliales de rats), nous avons réalisé deux études protéomiques comparatives afin d identifier les protéines cytoplasmiques potentiellement impliquées dans l induction et le maintien de ce phénotype: d une part une approche qualitative sans marquage (label free) et d autre part une approche quantitative grâce à un marquage isotopique préalable des protéines (isotope-coded protein label, ICPL). Les deux approches, label free et ICPL se sont révélées complémentaires et ont permis, respectivement, l identification de 447 et de 412 protéines (dont 290 quantifiées). Quatre protéines d un intérêt particulier dans le domaine de la BHE (phosphatase alcaline tissu-non spécifique, TNAP ; protéine 1 possédant un domaine d homologie à Eps15, EHD1 ; superoxyde dismutase, SODC et homologue 7 de la protéine de la maladie de Parkinson PARK7, DJ-1) ont fait l objet de caractérisations biochimiques approfondies et ouvrent des pistes d investigation sur des potentielles voies cellulaires induites par les cellules gliales et impliquées dans le phénotype BHE.The blood-brain barrier (BBB) controls the para- and transcellular crossing of compounds from blood to brain (and inversely) and establishes the gatekeepers of the brain. The major part of therapeutic drugs developed to fight the brain diseases is deemed inefficient in vivo due to the presence of the BBB that they are unable to cross. Although relatively well known in its physiological aspect, the BBB phenotype of brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) remains largely under known and misunderstood in regards of the molecular mechanisms that govern its establishment and its maintenance. To this goal, using the in vitro BBB model developed in the laboratory (co-culture of bovine BCECs with rat glial cells), we performed two differential proteomic studies to identify the main cytoplasmic proteins involved in the establishment and maintenance of this phenotype: a qualitative label free approach and a quantitative isotope-coded protein labeling (ICPL) approach.The two different approaches, label free and ICPL, are complementary and led to the identification of 447 and 412 proteins, respectively. Four proteins of particular interest for BBB (tissue-non specific alkaline phosphatase, TNAP; Eps15 homology domain containing protein 1, EHD1; superoxide dismutase, SODC and Parkinson disease protein 7 homolog PARK7, DJ-1) have been more deeply studied and they open new discovery prospects related to cellular pathways induced by glial cells and involved in the BBB phenotype.ARRAS-Bib.electronique (620419901) / SudocSudocFranceF

A large-scale electrophoresis- and chromatography-based determination of gene expression profiles in bovine brain capillary endothelial cells after the re-induction of blood-brain barrier properties

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) form the physiological basis of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The barrier function is (at least in part) due to well-known proteins such as transporters, tight junctions and metabolic barrier proteins (e.g. monoamine oxidase, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase and P-glycoprotein). Our previous 2-dimensional gel proteome analysis had identified a large number of proteins and revealed the major role of dynamic cytoskeletal remodelling in the differentiation of bovine BCECs. The aim of the present study was to elaborate a reference proteome of Triton X-100-soluble species from bovine BCECs cultured in the well-established <it>in vitro </it>BBB model developed in our laboratory.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 215 protein spots (corresponding to 130 distinct proteins) were identified by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, whereas over 350 proteins were identified by a shotgun approach. We classified around 430 distinct proteins expressed by bovine BCECs. Our large-scale gene expression analysis enabled the correction of mistakes referenced into protein databases (e.g. bovine vinculin) and constitutes valuable evidence for predictions based on genome annotation.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Elaboration of a reference proteome constitutes the first step in creating a gene expression database dedicated to capillary endothelial cells displaying BBB characteristics. It improves of our knowledge of the BBB and the key proteins in cell structures, cytoskeleton organization, metabolism, detoxification and drug resistance. Moreover, our results emphasize the need for both appropriate experimental design and correct interpretation of proteome datasets.</p

Coculture of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus velezensis Based on Metabolic Cross-Feeding Modulates Lipopeptide Production.

peer reviewedCocultures have been widely explored for their use in deciphering microbial interaction and its impact on the metabolisms of the interacting microorganisms. In this work, we investigate, in different liquid coculture conditions, the compatibility of two microorganisms with the potential for the biocontrol of plant diseases: the fungus Trichoderma harzianum IHEM5437 and the bacterium Bacillus velezensis GA1 (a strong antifungal lipopeptide producing strain). While the Bacillus overgrew the Trichoderma in a rich medium due to its antifungal lipopeptide production, a drastically different trend was observed in a medium in which a nitrogen nutritional dependency was imposed. Indeed, in this minimum medium containing nitrate as the sole nitrogen source, cooperation between the bacterium and the fungus was established. This is reflected by the growth of both species as well as the inhibition of the expression of Bacillus genes encoding lipopeptide synthetases. Interestingly, the growth of the bacterium in the minimum medium was enabled by the amendment of the culture by the fungal supernatant, which, in this case, ensures a high production yield of lipopeptides. These results highlight, for the first time, that Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus velezensis are able, in specific environmental conditions, to adapt their metabolisms in order to grow together

Differential proteomic analysis of blood-brain barrier endothelial cells : identification of glial cells-induced proteins

En contrôlant le passage para- et transcellulaire des composés du sang vers le cerveau (et inversement), la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE) constitue la « gardienne » du compartiment cérébral. Bien que relativement connu dans son aspect physiologique, le phénotype BHE des cellules endothéliales des capillaires cérébraux (BCECs) reste mal compris au regard des mécanismes moléculaires qui gouvernent son établissement et son maintien. Dans cette optique, à l’aide du modèle in vitro de BHE développé au laboratoire (co-culture de BCECs bovines et de cellules gliales de rats), nous avons réalisé deux études protéomiques comparatives afin d’identifier les protéines cytoplasmiques potentiellement impliquées dans l’induction et le maintien de ce phénotype: d’une part une approche qualitative sans marquage (label free) et d’autre part une approche quantitative grâce à un marquage isotopique préalable des protéines (isotope-coded protein label, ICPL). Les deux approches, label free et ICPL se sont révélées complémentaires et ont permis, respectivement, l’identification de 447 et de 412 protéines (dont 290 quantifiées). Quatre protéines d’un intérêt particulier dans le domaine de la BHE (phosphatase alcaline tissu-non spécifique, TNAP ; protéine 1 possédant un domaine d’homologie à Eps15, EHD1 ; superoxyde dismutase, SODC et homologue 7 de la protéine de la maladie de Parkinson PARK7, DJ-1) ont fait l’objet de caractérisations biochimiques approfondies et ouvrent des pistes d’investigation sur des potentielles voies cellulaires induites par les cellules gliales et impliquées dans le phénotype BHE.The blood-brain barrier (BBB) controls the para- and transcellular crossing of compounds from blood to brain (and inversely) and establishes the “gatekeepers” of the brain. The major part of therapeutic drugs developed to fight the brain diseases is deemed inefficient in vivo due to the presence of the BBB that they are unable to cross. Although relatively well known in its physiological aspect, the BBB phenotype of brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) remains largely under known and misunderstood in regards of the molecular mechanisms that govern its establishment and its maintenance. To this goal, using the in vitro BBB model developed in the laboratory (co-culture of bovine BCECs with rat glial cells), we performed two differential proteomic studies to identify the main cytoplasmic proteins involved in the establishment and maintenance of this phenotype: a qualitative label free approach and a quantitative isotope-coded protein labeling (ICPL) approach.The two different approaches, label free and ICPL, are complementary and led to the identification of 447 and 412 proteins, respectively. Four proteins of particular interest for BBB (tissue-non specific alkaline phosphatase, TNAP; Eps15 homology domain containing protein 1, EHD1; superoxide dismutase, SODC and Parkinson disease protein 7 homolog PARK7, DJ-1) have been more deeply studied and they open new discovery prospects related to cellular pathways induced by glial cells and involved in the BBB phenotype

Comparative and Quantitative Global Proteomics Approaches: An Overview

Proteomics became a key tool for the study of biological systems. The comparison between two different physiological states allows unravelling the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in a biological process. Proteomics can confirm the presence of proteins suggested by their mRNA content and provides a direct measure of the quantity present in a cell. Global and targeted proteomics strategies can be applied. Targeted proteomics strategies limit the number of features that will be monitored and then optimise the methods to obtain the highest sensitivity and throughput for a huge amount of samples. The advantage of global proteomics strategies is that no hypothesis is required, other than a measurable difference in one or more protein species between the samples. Global proteomics methods attempt to separate quantify and identify all the proteins from a given sample. This review highlights only the different techniques of separation and quantification of proteins and peptides, in view of a comparative and quantitative global proteomics analysis. The in-gel and off-gel quantification of proteins will be discussed as well as the corresponding mass spectrometry technology. The overview is focused on the widespread techniques while keeping in mind that each approach is modular and often recovers the other

Validation of an Easy Acetonitrile Fractionation for the Simplification of Protein Samples Prior to Proteomics Analyses

International audienceIn most proteomics analyses and in particular for the “off-gel” approaches, based essentially on chromatography, the complexity of the proteome should be reduced; otherwise identifications can be hindered, especially if the mass spectrometry analysis is not conducted using state-of-the-art instrumentation. Even if the method used is a bottom-up proteomics, it appears mandatory to pre-fractionate the proteins in order to reduce the complexity. We report here the development and validation of a pre-fractionation based on the differential solubilisation of proteins using increasing concentrations of acetonitrile (ACN). This “ACN fractionation” was applied to the study of the Triton X-100 soluble sub-proteome of brain capillary endothelial cells (BCEC) with re-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) functions

Tissue Non-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (TNAP) in Vessels of the Brain

International audienceThe microvessels of the brain represent around 3–4 % of the brain compartment but constitute the most important length (400 miles) and surface of exchange (20 m2) between the blood and the parenchyma of brain. Under influence of surrounding tissues, the brain microvessel endothelium expresses a specific phenotype that regulates and restricts the entry of compounds and cells from blood to brain, and defined the so-called blood–brain barrier (BBB). Evidences that alkaline phosphatase (AP) is a characteristic feature of the BBB phenotype that allows differentiating capillary endothelial cells from brain to those of the periphery have rapidly emerge. Thenceforth, AP has been rapidly used as a biomarker of the blood-brain barrier phenotype. In fact, brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) express exclusively tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). There are several lines of evidence in favour of an important role for TNAP in brain function. TNAP is thought to be responsible for the control of transport of some compounds across the plasma membrane of the BCECs. Here, we report that levamisole-mediated inhibition of TNAP provokes an increase of the permeability to Lucifer Yellow of the endothelial monolayer. Moreover, we illustrate the disruption of the cytoskeleton organization. Interestingly, all observed effects were reversible 24 h after levamisole removal and correlated with the return of a full activity of the TNAP. This reversible effect remains to be studied in details to evaluate the potentiality of a levamisole treatment to enhance the entry of drugs in the brain parenchyma

Multiplexed Detection of O-GlcNAcome, Phosphoproteome, and Whole Proteome within the Same Gel

The cellular diversity of proteins results in part from their post-translational modifications. Among all of them, the O-GlcNAcylation is an atypical glycosylation, more similar to phosphorylation than classical glycosylations. Highly dynamic, reversible, and exclusively localized on cytosolic, nuclear and mitochondrial proteins, O-GlcNAcylation is known to regulate almost all if not all cellular processes. Fundamental for the cell life, O-GlcNAcylation abnormalities are involved in the etiology of several inherited diseases. Assessing to O-GlcNAcylation pattern will permit to get relevant data about the role of O-GlcNAcylation in cell physiology. To get understanding about the role of O-GlcNAcylation, as also considering its interplay with phosphorylation, the O-GlcNAc profiling remains a real challenge for the community of proteomists/glycoproteomists. Due to development of multiplexed proteomics based on fluorescent detection of proteins, there is growing body of evidence about the proteome knowledge’s. We propose herein a multiplexed proteomic strategy to detect O-GlcNAcylated proteins, phosphoproteins, and the whole proteome within the same bidimensional gel. In particular, we investigated the phosphoproteome through the ProQ Diamond staining, while the whole proteome was visualized through Sypro Ruby staining, or after the labeling of proteins with a T-Dye fluorophore. The O-GlcNAcome was revealed by the way of the Click chemistry and the azide-alkyne cycloaddition of a fluorophore on GlcNAc moieties. This method permits, after sequential image acquisition, the direct in-gel detection of O-GlcNAcome, phosphoproteome and whole proteome

Sensopeptidomic Kinetic Approach Combined with Decision Trees and Random Forests to Study the Bitterness during Enzymatic Hydrolysis Kinetics of Micellar Caseins

International audienceProtein hydrolysates are, in general, mixtures of amino acids and small peptides able to supply the body with the constituent elements of proteins in a directly assimilable form. They are therefore characterised as products with high nutritional value. However, hydrolysed proteins display an unpleasant bitter taste and possible off-flavours which limit the field of their nutrition applications. The successful identification and characterisation of bitter protein hydrolysates and, more precisely, the peptides responsible for this unpleasant taste are essential for nutritional research. Due to the large number of peptides generated during hydrolysis, there is an urgent need to develop methods in order to rapidly characterise the bitterness of protein hydrolysates. In this article, two enzymatic hydrolysis kinetics of micellar milk caseins were performed for 9 h. For both kinetics, the optimal time to obtain a hydrolysate with appreciable organoleptic qualities is 5 h. Then, the influence of the presence or absence of peptides and their intensity over time compared to the different sensory characteristics of hydrolysates was studied using heat maps, random forests and regression trees. A total of 22 peptides formed during the enzymatic proteolysis of micellar caseins and influencing the bitterness the most were identified. These methods represent simple and efficient tools to identify the peptides susceptibly responsible for bitterness intensity and predict the main sensory feature of micellar casein enzymatic hydrolysates