41 research outputs found

    Occurrence of CTX-M Producing Escherichia coli in Soils, Cattle, and Farm Environment in France (Burgundy Region)

    Get PDF
    CTX-M [a major type of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)] producing Escherichia coli are increasingly involved in human infections worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate potential reservoirs for such strains: soils, cattle, and farm environment. The prevalence of blaCTX-M genes was determined directly from soil DNA extracts obtained from 120 sites in Burgundy (France) using real-time PCR. blaCTX-M targets were found in 20% of the DNA extracts tested. Samples of cattle feces (n = 271) were collected from 182 farms in Burgundy. Thirteen ESBL-producing isolates were obtained from 12 farms and further characterized for the presence of bla genes. Of the 13 strains, five and eight strains carried blaTEM-71 genes and blaCTX-M-1 genes respectively. Ten strains of CTX-M-1 producing E. coli were isolated from cultivated and pasture soils as well as from composted manure within two of these farms. The genotypic analysis revealed that environmental and animal strains were clonally related. Our study confirms the occurrence of CTX-M producing E. coli in cattle and reports for the first time the occurrence of such strains in cultivated soils. The environmental competence of such strains has to be determined and might explain their long term survival since CTX-M isolates were recovered from a soil that was last amended with manure 1 year before sampling

    Importance de la variabilité génétique bactérienne sur le fonctionnement de la symbiose Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae avec le pois (Pisum sativum L.)

    No full text
    DiplĂŽme : Dr. d'UniversitĂ©Les irrĂ©gularitĂ©s de rendement et de teneur en protĂ©ine des graines que prĂ©sente la culture du pois sont, en partie, liĂ©es Ă  des problĂšmes de nutrition azotĂ©e. En tant que lĂ©gumineuse, la nutrition azotĂ©e du pois repose Ă  la fois sur la fixation symbiotique de l’azote atmosphĂ©rique et sur l’absorption racinaire des nitrates du sol. Notre principal objectif a Ă©tĂ© de dĂ©terminer si le partenaire bactĂ©rien, Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae (Rlv), peut ĂȘtre un facteur limitant de la nutrition azotĂ©e et du rendement du pois. La variabilitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique des Rlv et les facteurs influençant la structure des populations de Rlv Ă  l'Ă©tat libre et symbiotiques ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s. La signification de la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique bactĂ©rienne sur le fonctionnement de la symbiose et le dĂ©veloppement de la plante-hĂŽte a ensuite Ă©tĂ© explorĂ©e. La caractĂ©risation des populations de Rlv a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e Ă  l’aide de deux marqueurs molĂ©culaires : un marqueur neutre chromosomique ciblant la rĂ©gion intergĂ©nique de l’ADNr 16S-23S et un marqueur symbiotique, la rĂ©gion nodD-F contenant le gĂšne de rĂ©gulation nodD. Nous montrons que les populations de Rlv sont gĂ©nĂ©tiquement polymorphes et de structure gĂ©nĂ©tique variable entre les sols. Les pratiques culturales, comme la monoculture de maĂŻs de long terme, ont un impact sur la diversitĂ© des populations de Rlv du sol. La variabilitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique des Rlv, et tout particuliĂšrement celle du gĂ©notype symbiotique, a Ă©tĂ© corrĂ©lĂ©e Ă  une variabilitĂ© fonctionnelle. Le gĂ©notype de Rlv influence la morphogĂ©nĂšse nodulaire et la rĂ©partition de la biomasse dans les diffĂ©rents compartiments de la plante. Deux phĂ©notypes symbiotiques contrastĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence : le phĂ©notype BNO (« Big NOdule ») caractĂ©risĂ© par un faible nombre de nodositĂ©s hypertrophiĂ©es, une forte biomasse nodulaire et des biomasses racinaires et foliaires rĂ©duites comparĂ© au phĂ©notype SNO (« Small NOdule ») caractĂ©risĂ© par un plus grand nombre de petites nodositĂ©s, une plus faible biomasse nodulaire et un dĂ©veloppement racinaire et aĂ©rien gĂ©nĂ©ralement plus important. L’effet des souches de type BNO ne s’exercerait pas directement sur la fonction de fixation de l’azote mais d’une façon plus gĂ©nĂ©rale sur les diffĂ©rents paramĂštres du dĂ©veloppement de la plante via des modifications d’allocation des substrats carbonĂ©s et azotĂ©s de la plante. Des Ă©tudes au champ montrent qu’une forte proportion de BNO peut induire des baisses de rendement et de teneur en protĂ©ine des graines. La structure des populations symbiotiques Ă©volue au cours du cycle cultural. De plus, elle varie selon le gĂ©notype vĂ©gĂ©tal. Ces rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent des phĂ©nomĂšnes de sĂ©lection liĂ©s Ă  des variations quantitatives et qualitatives d'exsudats racinaires et probablement de mĂ©tabolites secondaires jouant un rĂŽle de molĂ©cule-signal. De plus, il semble que la plante exerce une rĂ©gulation diffĂ©rentielle du nombre de nodositĂ©s formĂ©es selon le gĂ©notype bactĂ©rien, sanctionnant notamment le nombre de nodositĂ©s de type BNO. Ainsi, la variabilitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations nodulantes peut contribuer Ă  une variabilitĂ© de la nutrition azotĂ©e et de la croissance du pois avec un impact sur le rendement dans certaines conditions environnementales. Les mĂ©canismes molĂ©culaires et les voies de signalisation impliquĂ©s dans cette variabilitĂ© fonctionnelle restent encore Ă  Ă©tudier ainsi que la capacitĂ© de la plante Ă  sĂ©lectionner les partenaires les plus bĂ©nĂ©fiques pour sa croissance

    Importance de la variabilité génétique bactérienne sur le fonctionnement de la symbiose Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae avec le pois (Pisum sativum L.)

    No full text
    Les irrĂ©gularitĂ©s de rendement et de teneur en protĂ©ine des graines de la culture du pois sont, en partie, liĂ©es Ă  des problĂšmes de nutrition azotĂ©e. La nutrition azotĂ©e repose sur la fixation symbiotique de l azote atmosphĂ©rique et l absorption racinaire des nitrates du sol. Notre objectif a Ă©tĂ© de dĂ©terminer si le partenaire bactĂ©rien, Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae (Rlv), peut ĂȘtre un facteur limitant de la nutrition azotĂ©e et du rendement du pois. Les populations de Rlv sont gĂ©nĂ©tiquement polymorphes et de structure gĂ©nĂ©tique variable entre les sols. La monoculture de maĂŻs de long terme a un impact sur la diversitĂ© des populations de Rlv du sol. De plus, la structure des populations symbiotiques varie en fonction du gĂ©notype vĂ©gĂ©tal et de son cycle cultural. La variabilitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique des Rlv a Ă©tĂ© corrĂ©lĂ©e Ă  une variabilitĂ© fonctionnelle. Le gĂ©notype de Rlv influence la morphogĂ©nĂšse nodulaire et la rĂ©partition des biomasses dans les compartiments de la plante. Nous mettons en Ă©vidence 2 phĂ©notypes symbiotiques contrastĂ©s : le phĂ©notype BNO ( Big NOdule ) avec un faible nombre de nodositĂ©s hypertrophiĂ©es, une forte biomasse nodulaire et des biomasses racinaires et foliaires rĂ©duites et le phĂ©notype SNO ( Small NOdule ) avec un plus grand nombre de petites nodositĂ©s, une biomasse nodulaire plus faible, un dĂ©veloppement racinaire et aĂ©rien plus Ă©levĂ©. En conditions agronomiques, une forte proportion de BNO peut induire des baisses de rendement et de teneur en azote des graines. La variabilitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations nodulantes peut donc contribuer Ă  une variabilitĂ© de la nutrition azotĂ©e et de la croissance du pois avec un impact sur le rendement.Nitrogen nutrition often remains a factor limiting yield and seed protein content of pea crop. As a legume, pea acquires N from two different pathways, symbiotic N2 fixation and soil mineral N absorption by roots. Our main aim was to assess if the bacterial partner, Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae (Rlv), may be a limiting factor of pea N nutrition and seed yield. We show that Rlv populations are genetically polymorphic and that their genetic structure varies among soils. Crop management, such as long-term maize monoculturing, has an impact on the diversity of soil Rlv populations. Moreover, the structure of symbiotic populations varies according to pea genotype and over the growth plant cycle. The plant seems to carry out differential regulation of nodule number according to bacterial genotype. Correlation between functional and genetic variability of Rlv was found. The Rlv genotype influences nodule morphogenesis and biomass partitioning between the different plant compartments. Two contrasted symbiotic phenotypes were pointed out: the BNO ( Big NOdule ) phenotype characterized by reduced number of very large nodules, high nodule biomass and reduced root and shoot biomass as compared with the SNO ( Small NOdule ) phenotype characterized by higher number of small nodules, lower nodule biomass and generally more developed roots and shoots. Field studies showed that a high frequency of BNOs may reduce yield and seed protein content of the crop. Thus, the genetic variability of nodule populations may contribute to variability of nitrogen nutrition and pea growth, with an impact on yield.DIJON-BU Sciences Economie (212312102) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Plant phenology and genetic variability in root and nodule development strongly influence genetic structuring of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae populations nodulating pea

    No full text
    Publication Inra prise en compte dans l'analyse bibliométrique des publications scientifiques mondiales sur les Fruits, les Légumes et la Pomme de terre. Période 2000-2012. http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/256699International audienceThe symbiotic relationships between legumes and their nitrogen (N-2)-fixing bacterial partners (rhizobia) vary in effectiveness to promote plant growth according to both bacterial and legume genotype. To assess the selective effect of host plant on its microsymbionts, the influence of the pea (Pisum sativum) genotype on the relative nodulation success of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae (Rlv) genotypes from the soil populations during plant development has been investigated. Five pea lines were chosen for their genetic variability in root and nodule development. Genetic structure and diversity of Rlv populations sampled from nodules were estimated by molecular typing with a marker of the genomic background (rDNA intergenic spacer) and a nodulation gene marker (nodD region). Differences were found among Rlv populations related to pea genetic background but also to modification of plant development caused by single gene mutation. The growth stage of the host plant also influenced structuring of populations. A particular nodulation genotype formed the majority of nodules during the reproductive stage. Overall, modification in root and nodule development appears to strongly influence the capacity of particular rhizobial genotypes to form nodule

    Relation trophique et prévalence de gÚnes de resistances aux antibiotiques dans les communautés bactériennes de poissons

    No full text
    National audienceL’émergence de gĂšnes de rĂ©sistance aux antibiotiques liĂ©s Ă  leur utilisation intensive devient depuis plusieurs dĂ©cennies une prĂ©occupation majeure chez les chercheurs et un problĂšme sanitaire important. Les gĂšnes de rĂ©sistance sont prĂ©sents chez de nombreuses espĂšces bactĂ©-riennes pathogĂšnes ou non. Le problĂšme se pose lorsque des bactĂ©ries pathogĂšnes de l’Homme portent des gĂšnes de rĂ©sistance aux ATB. Ces bactĂ©ries en infectant l’Homme provoquent de nombreux symptĂŽmes et rendent leurs traitements difficiles car un traitement classique avec des ATB reste inefficace et des thĂ©rapies mĂ©dicamenteuses plus lourdes doivent ĂȘtre mises en place. Dans ce contexte, l’étude des sources de contamination en ATB de l’environnement est indispensable. Les riviĂšres et les poissons apparaissent comme des individus potentiellement colonisables par des bactĂ©ries entĂ©riques rĂ©sistantes se trouvant dans l’environnement aquaÂŹtique suite aux rejets des stations d’épuration. La capacitĂ© Ă  coloniser les systĂšmes digestifs de plusieurs espĂšces de poissons par des bactĂ©ries rĂ©sistantes Ă  la cĂ©fotaxime a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e. Cette Ă©tude prĂ©liminaire sur des poissons prĂ©levĂ©s dans deux riviĂšres bourguignonnes a montrĂ© que la contamination des poissons par ces bactĂ©ries rĂ©sistantes semble liĂ©e, au moins partielleÂŹment, Ă  leur rĂ©gime alimentaire. Les carnivores semblent avoir un intestin moins colonisĂ© que les omnivores dans leur environnement naturel. Ces premiers rĂ©sultats seront discutĂ©s Ă  la lumiĂšre d’infestations expĂ©rimentales en cours

    Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae genotypes interact with pea plants in developmental responses of nodules roots and shoots

    No full text
    International audienceThe variability of the developmental responses of two contrasting cultivars of pea (Pisum sativum) was studied in relation to the genetic diversity of their nitrogen-fixing symbiont Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae. A sample of 42 strains of pea rhizobia was chosen to represent 17 genotypes predominating in indigenous rhizobial populations, the genotypes being defined by the combination of haplotypes characterized with rDNA intergenic spacer and nodD gene regions as markers. We found contrasting effects of the bacterial genotype, especially the nod gene type, on the development of nodules, roots and shoots. A bacterial nod gene type was identified that induced very large, branched nodules, smaller nodule numbers, high nodule biomass, but reduced root and aerial part development. The plants associated with this genotype accumulated less N in shoots, but N concentration in leaves was not affected. The results suggest that the plant could not control nodule development sustaining the energy demand for nodule functioning and its optimal growth. The molecular and physiological mechanisms that may be involved are discusse

    The immobilisation of DNA strands on silica surface by means of chemical grafting

    No full text
    International audienceThe surface chemistry and physicochemical phenomena involved in the chemical grafting process of short DNA single strands on silica or glass slides has been studied in order to be able to prepare reusable DNA-arrays (DNA-chips) with an optimum signal-to-noise ratio. Some crucial steps of the immobilisation of oligonucleotides on silica surfaces by means of their chemical grafting at their 3' terminus (aminolinker) were studied carefully. A prior grafting of the surface with an organosilane is performed. The surface of the silica should have been completely covered by a dense anionic grafted layer in order to minimise DNA adsorption with respect to chemical grafting and allow an easy desorption of non grafted materials. The efficiency of the covalent immobilisation of DNA strands performed from a very dilute solution in a small volume is drastically increased by means of a slow in situ evaporation of the solvent. The discrimination between covalently bound and adsorbed oligonucleotides requires a correct control of the rinsing processes after the immobilisation reaction. An efficient washing process increases the signal-to-noise ratio. Ready hybridisation of complementary oligonucleotides or large double strands bearing the complementary sequence at their centre (PCR fragments) could be obtained at the surface. A clean and robust immobilisation process allows a clear-cut discrimination between hybridisation and non-specific adsorption and very low levels of background (noise) in the radioactivity measurements. Several cycles of hybridisation and denaturation were carried out. Glass plates functionalised according to the same process might be used for the mass preparation of DNA-arrays

    Vigna mungo, V. radiata and V. unguiculata plants sampled in different agronomical-ecological-climatic regions of India are nodulated by Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense

    No full text
    International audienceVigna mungo, Vigna radiata and Vigna unguiculata are important legume crops cultivated in India, but little is known about the genetic resources in native rhizobia that nodulate these species. To identify these bacteria, a core collection of 76 slow-growing isolates was built from root nodules of V. mungo, V. radiata and V. unguiculata plants grown at different sites within three agro-ecological-climatic regions of India. The genetic diversity of the bacterial collection was assessed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of PCR-amplified DNA fragments of the 16S–23S rDNA intergenic spacer (IGS) region, and the symbiotic genes nifH and nodC. One rDNA IGS type grouped 91% of isolates, but more diversity was found at the symbiotic loci (17 symbiotic genotypes). Overall, no host plant specificity was shown, the three host plant species sharing common bradyrhizobial genotypes that represented 62% of the collection. Similarly, the predominant genotypes were found at most sampling sites and in all agro-ecological-climatic regions. Phylogenies inferred from IGS sequencing and multi-locus sequence analysis of the dnaK, glnII and recA genes indicated that all isolates but one were clustered with the Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense species. The nifH phylogeny also grouped the different nif haplotypes within a cluster including B. yuanmingense, except for one infrequent nif haplotype which formed a new lineage within the Bradyrhizobium genus. These results may reflect a long history of co-evolution between B. yuanmingense and Vigna spp. in India, while intra-species polymorphism detected in the symbiotic loci may be linked with the long history of diversification of B. yuanmingense coinciding with that of its host legumes
    corecore