TARP as immunotherapeutic target in AML expressed in the LSC compartment

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The Genetic risk of asthma: a review of reports on the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms detected by genome-wide association study on the development and course of asthma using the genes: ORMDL3, ADAM33, DENND1B as examples

Asthma, an inflammatory disease of the lower and upper airways, is one of the most common diseases in society. Depending on the source and the population studied, the percentage of asthma patients ranges from 5% to as high as 15%. The development of asthma is believed to be caused by an overlap between the body's personal propensity to develop the disease and environmental factors. For years, scientists have been studying the genetic basis of asthma. For several years they have had a new weapon in their arsenal - the GWAS method. The use of this method has enabled researchers to discover the relationship between gene variants found in patients and an increased risk of developing asthma

The impact of ultraviolet radiation on the skin and the role of photoprotection – the review of the literature

Introduction and objective: The sun emits ultraviolet radiation in the UV-A, UV-B and UV-C ranges. Photoprotection is used to prevent the impact of this radiation on the skin. It effectively counteracts photoaging, photodermatoses and photocarcinogenesis. The aim of the study is to discuss the impact of UV radiation on the skin and the role of sun protection, also in special groups of patients - children and non-immunocompetent people. The article also presents a summary of data on the effect of sunscreens on vitamin D synthesis. Materials and methods: The literature was reviewed in the Pubmed, Google Scholar database and in the recommendations of the Polish Dermatological Society with the use of keywords. State of knowledge: Erythema is the most visible effect of sunburn, but exposure to UV radiation is primarily photocarcinogenesis or photoimmunosuppression. The SPF factor is the main determinant of the effectiveness of sunscreens, but effective protection against both UVB and UVA radiation is essential. Daily use of sunscreen reduces skin damage associated with exposure to light and does not negatively affect vitamin D synthesis. Conclusions: The basis of skin protection is using sunscreens, avoiding excessive exposure to solar radiation and using protective clothing, hats and sunglasses. Thanks to these activities, we can significantly reduce the number of cases of certain skin cancers. It is also important to remember that sun protection applies to everyone, especially children and non-immunocompetent people

Influence of social media on the fight against COVID-19 pandemic – literature review

Introduction and purpose of the study: COVID-19 is a respiratory illness resulting from infection with the second coronavirus of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, SARS-CoV-2. Lack of knowledge about the virus and fear of infection made it challenging for the media to communicate clearly and effectively about health risks. The purpose of our work was to discuss and summarize reports on this topic available in the literature in such a way as to increase the chances of effective and safe use of media messages in future emergencies. Current state of knowledge: During the pandemic, social networks were used to post information about potential health risks. Social media played a large role in the education process, both for schools and for volunteers or health care workers. However, it is important to keep in mind that the way information is spread on social media can be overwhelming for many health care workers. In addition, regular exposure to social media correlated with high odds of anxiety and depression. False reports about COVID - 19 vaccines undermined public confidence in vaccination especially during the period when the vaccines were introduced for distribution. Summary: Social media was one of the main sources of information after the pandemic outbreak. Thanks to platforms such as Twitter, it was possible to find relevant information from reliable authors. However, the phenomenon of infodemia should not be underestimated. Disinformation and conspiracy theories can have a negative impact on mental health. It is therefore crucial to understand the mechanisms and improve the systems that manage the flow of information

The use of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of cognitive disorders

Background:Dementia is a progressive and irreversible disease entity that affects memory, verbal fluency, thinking and the performance of daily activities.The most common type of dementia is alzheimer's disease(AD).Currently, there are no specific therapies with established efficacy against cognitive decline or AD.Objective:The aim of this study is to summarize the current knowledge about the effectiveness of SGLT2 inhibitors(SGLT2i) in the treatment of cognitive disorders.Method and material:The article was created based on the PubMed database and the Polish Journal of Endocrinology.Articles were searched in English using the following keywords: SGLT2ihibitors;dementia;Alzheimer type 3 diabetes mellitus.State of knowledge:Patients with type 2 diabetes (TD2) are 1.5-2 times more likely to develop dementia than the general population.Dementia among diabetic patients is characterized by an earlier age of onset, slightly worse overall cognitive status and a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment in male patients.Diabetes and pre-diabetes shorten the time from the onset of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to the development of full-blown dementia.Conclusions:The use of SGLT2i is associated with reduced mortality from dementia, in contrast to insulin and sulfonylurea derivatives.SGLT2 inihibitors prevent cognitive impairment more potently than dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors. Taking empagliflozin for one month, is associated with improved cognitive function and increased scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale

Inflammatory bowel diseases in pregnant women - current state of knowledge

Introduction and objective: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a group of chronic inflammatory diseases. Usually they affect young people, often during pregnancy. Insufficient knowledge about the evolution of the disease during pregnancy, as well as the effects of drugs used, often result in resignation from motherhood, while unfamiliarity with the principles of therapy or discontinuation of treatment during pregnancy are significant causes of obstetric failures. The aim of the study was to summarize the data available in the literature as well as recent reports, to enable a better understanding of the disease and care of pregnant women with IBD.Materials and methods: The literature was reviewed in the Pubmed database, in the Via Medica Journals database, and in the guidelines of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology with the use of keywords.State of knowledge: 85% of women with IBD become pregnant without complications, but the inflammation has a negative impact on both the course of pregnancy and the fetus itself. Complications, which often depend on the activity of the disease before and during pregnancy, may occur: i.e. premature birth, inadequate fetal weight, miscarriage, as well as complications in the child itself and flares of the underlying disease. Therefore, it is important to know rules of safe pharmacotherapy that apply before and after pregnancy in order to prevent the negative effects of the disease. Special situations caused by IBD, i.e. surgical or endoscopic procedures, can be successfully performed in pregnant patients with the observance of certain rules.Conclusions: Understanding the causes of complications that may occur in the patient and the child allows them to be prevented. Both for the mother's health and for a positive course of pregnancy, education and pregnancy planning, preceded by the change of medications to safe for the fetus, are extremely important

Major HIV vaccine candidates

Introduction and objective: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus, which is responsible for an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This pathogen is widespread worldwide causing a pandemic that has been going on for decades. Researches around the world are trying to end this situation and it seems that the greatest hope lies in finding an effective vaccine. It is important due to the fact that AIDS and its consequences are responsible even nowadays for death of many people infected around the world. The aim of this study was to provide the most important information about major HIV vaccine trials and efficacy of vaccine candidates. Materials and methods: For the purposes of writing this article, the available literature was reviewed. The database of medical publications – Pubmed datebase and other publicaly available books, database and online sites was searched, with the use of keywords such as HIV, HIV vaccine, HIV epidemiology. State of knowledge: According to review studies HIV vaccine trials has been going for 4 decades. Over 250 trials has been conducted since then, but unfortunately, none of them resulted in effective vaccine. The difficulties of this task are mainly connected with the nature of HIV virus. To date, one study has shown some effectiveness, but not enough to claim success. Other studies are ongoing around the world and more are planned. Conclusions: Developing an effective HIV vaccine is the clue to solving the problem, which is new HIV infections. Further researches, further research funding and international cooperation are needed to end this pandemic

Treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: Conventional antibiotic therapy and alternative therapy - probiotics and low FODMAP diet

Introduction and purpose of the study: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome (SIBO) is a syndrome characterized by an increased number of bacteria in the small intestine. The condition causes many non-specific symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain and bloating. The purpose of this study is to review the current knowledge regarding treatment options for SIBO.                                            Methodology: A literature review was conducted based on PubMed, GoogleScholar databases and American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) guidelines. Current knowledge: SIBO is a heterogeneous syndrome. Symptoms of bacterial overgrowth include bloating, abdominal pain and abnormal bowel motility. In more severe cases, patients may experience malabsorption leading to weight loss and malnutrition. SIBO can occur in healthy individuals, but very often accompanies other conditions. The primary test for diagnosis is non-invasive lactulose or glucose breath tests. For treatment, the antibiotic rifaximin is preferred. It exhibits a broad spectrum of activity and a low toxicity profile. Treatment may also include diet therapy and the use of probiotics. Summary: SIBO continues to be both a diagnostic and therapeutic problem. Effective treatment includes not only elimination of the bacteria but also treatment of predisposing conditions. Conclusions of the study show a positive effect of rifaximin on the reduction of SIBO symptoms and improvement of patients' quality of life. The use of certain probiotics has a proven effect. According to the currently available literature, the effectiveness of the low-FODMAP diet in SIBO is hypothetical and further studies are needed to unequivocally confirm its efficacy