Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Cancer

Throughout the last three decades, there has been a notable shift in the epidemiology of head and neck cancer (HNC) worldwide. A rapidly spreading subtype of HNCs is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HPV-related cancers are now considered to constitute 30–65% of all HNC cases and 50–80% of oropharyngeal cancers. HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers have a unique demographic profile and tumor biology characteristics. HPV-associated patients predominantly consist of younger men with better performance status and fewer comorbid diseases. They have better dentition, higher numbers of oral sex partners, and use less amount of tobacco or alcohol, higher amount of marijuana compared with HPV-negative patients. In addition, patients with HPV-positive tumors have a 60–80% reduced mortality rates, a finding that was confirmed by multiple trials and led to several ongoing deintensification studies. This chapter describes epidemiologic features of HPV-positive HNC, risk factors for HPV infection and HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer, HPV detection methods, mechanisms of carcinogenesis and improved treatment response, and the impact of HPV status on clinical outcome as well as deintensification approaches and potential of vaccination

Instructional Developments and Progress for Open and Equal Access for Learning

Digital learning has become a very effective educational experience. Recent applications of e-learning which combines classroom learning plus e-learning are generally expensive alternatives of the real environment. So we should better focus on the virtual learning and the benefits of virtual learning. In this chapter, we emphasize some instructional developments and progress for open and equal access and specifically learning with virtual reality which is very helpful for learning. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) are the digital mediums created to present realities in real life or realities to be displayed in a 360°and/or 3D environment beyond the perception capacity of sensory organs by virtue of virtual reality. In this study, we try to explain the differences introduced to the virtual world transition-like evaluation of the learning and evaluation of the educational methods then touch on the hype cycle of the technology to see the rise of the virtual and augmented learning. Finally, we also tried to discuss, the advantages of virtual reality (increased reality) in terms of content for open and equal access and the content construction to include AR and VR to the Learning

Analysis of the relationship between mathematics teacher candidates’ reflective thinking levels and their philosophical views on the nature of mathematics

The main aim of the present study with relational screening model was to analyze the relationship between reflective thinking skills and philosophical views regarding the nature of mathematics (NoM) in secondary school mathematics teacher candidates. In addition, it was aimed to determine whether the reflective thinking levels of the candidates displayed a significant difference according to absolutist, mixed, and semi-experimentalist groups. The study group consisted of 196 secondary school mathematics teacher candidates studying in the mathematics teaching program in the spring semester of the 2021-2022 academic year. As data collection tools, The Scale for Determining Philosophical Views Regarding the NoM and The Scale for Determining the Level of Reflective Thinking were used. In the analysis of the data, in addition to descriptive statistics, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient and multiple linear regression analysis were employed. In the study, it was determined that both reflective thinking levels and the philosophical views regarding the NoM were found to be high in mathematics teacher candidates. Besides, it was determined that there was a positive and moderate relationship between the reflective thinking level subdimensions and and the philosphocial views on the NoM in the teacher candidates, and that the variables of the reflective thinking level subdimensions explained 44% of the variance in the philosophical views on the NoM. Moreover, it was concluded that there was a statistically significant difference between the semi-experimentalist group and the mixed and absolutist groups in favor of the semi-experimentalist group in terms of critical reflection, reflection and understanding skills, and between the absolutist group and the mixed and semiexperimentalist groups in favor of the absolutist group in terms of habitual actions subdimension

Determination of the genotoxic effects of various dioxins by Drosophila wing spot test

640-645Dioxins, furans and other polychlorinated biphenyls (coplanar PCBs) are three structural and toxicologically related families of compounds classified as the most toxic synthetic chemical. In this study, we investigated possible genotoxic effects of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), man-made environmental contaminant, in Drosophila melanogaster by somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART). In this, we observe the chemical effects on wing phenotype of the transheterozygote flies carrying marker gene. Lethal doses of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 1,2,3,7,8,9-HXCDD, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-OCDD were determined. Doses of 1×10-7, 2.5×10-7, 5×10-7, and 10×10-7 μg/mL of PCDDs were used. In addition, the observed mutations were classified according to the size and the type of the mutations per wing. Results revealed no significant genotoxic effect of any of the dioxins tested. According to the mechanisms involved in the antigenotoxicity of PCDDs, it is suggested that the observed effects can be linked to the differences in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) amino acid sequences in the gene protein of D.melanogaster

Determination of the genotoxic effects of various dioxins by Drosophila wing spot test

Dioxins, furans and other polychlorinated biphenyls (coplanar PCBs) are three structural and toxicologically related families of compounds classified as the most toxic synthetic chemical. In this study, we investigated possible genotoxic effects of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), man-made environmental contaminant, in Drosophila melanogaster by somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART). In this, we observe the chemical effects on wing phenotype of the transheterozygote flies carrying marker gene. Lethal doses of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 1,2,3,7,8,9-HXCDD, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-OCDD were determined. Doses of 1×10-7, 2.5×10-7, 5×10-7, and 10×10-7 μg/mL of PCDDs were used. In addition, the observed mutations were classified according to the size and the type of the mutations per wing. Results revealed no significant genotoxic effect of any of the dioxins tested. According to the mechanisms involved in the antigenotoxicity of PCDDs, it is suggested that the observed effects can be linked to the differences in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) amino acid sequences in the gene protein of D.melanogaste

Determination of patient learning needs after thyroidectomy

The purpose of this study was to determine discharge learning needs of patients undergoing thyroidectomy. The population of this descriptive study consisted of patients undergoing thyroidectomy in the Endocrine Surgery Unit of a university hospital between February and December 2013. The study included 251 patients who were discharged after thyroidectomy. Data obtained using the data collection form and the Patient Leaning Needs Scale (PLNS) were analyzed by frequency, mean, standard deviation, Kruskal Wallis and student-t tests. The mean age of the patients was 47.91±13.05 and 76.1% were females. The PLNS total mean score was 208.38±34.91, with the maximum score of 39.23±6.80 on the subscale of treatment and complications and the minimum score of 19.45±4.70 on the subscale of feelings related to condition. It was found that the PLNS total score of the patients was not influenced by age, gender, marital status (p>0.05). This study demonstrated that patients had high learning needs after thyroidectomy

Clinical and demographic characteristics of pemphigus vulgaris patients

Pemphigus is an autoimmune disease characterized by intraepithelial bullae and erosions in the skin and mucosa. We aimed to evaluate the clinical and demographic characteristics of pemphigus vulgaris (PV) patients who presented to our Department. Patients who presented to our Department between May 2013 and May 2014, were examined dermatologically and diagnosed with PV based on clinical, histological and direct immunofluorescent findings. Name, family name, and gender of the patients, their complaint at presentation, onset time and location of the lesions, the number of lesions, systemic treatments received by patients and patients’ medication histories were recorded. Forty-nine PV patients were included in our study. Among these, 22 (44.9%) were female and 27 (55.1%) male. The mean age of the patients was 53.28±14.70 (range 23 to 79) years. The mean duration of the disease was 44.45±45.68 (range 1 to 180) months. The most common complaints at presentation were lesion in the mouth (47/49) and lesion/blister in the skin (39/49). The onset locations of the lesions were the oropharynx (63.3%), the skin and oropharynx combined (16.3%), the skin (18.4%) and the anus (2%). The chronological order for the sites of involvement were as follows: first the oropharynx then the skin (42.9%), first the skin then the oropharynx (18.4%), and the oropharynx and the skin combined (16.3%). Ten patients (20.4%) had mucosal involvement and one (2%) had skin involvement alone, whereas both mucosal and skin involvements were observed in 38 patients (77.6%). Forty-seven patients (95.9%) had not used any medications that could have led to pemphigus. One patient had a history of beta-blocker use and another had a history of ACE inhibitor prior to the emergence of the pemphigus lesions. The clinical and demographic results of the PV patients in our region were consistent with those from other studies.</p

HLA-E*0101/0103X is associated with susceptibility to pemphigus vulgaris: a case-control study

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a life-threatening, autoimmune blistering disease of the skin and mucous membranes. The relationship between PV and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) has been studied in several reports. Previous reports have demonstrated that HLA-E polymorphisms may have a role in the susceptibility to various autoimmune diseases. Our aim was to evaluate the role of HLA-E gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of PV in a Turkish population. A total of 49 patients with PV and 50 healthy subjects were enrolled into the study. We sequenced and analyzed the HLA-E gene from genomic DNA obtained from peripheral blood samples of the study groups. HLA-E haplotyping was performed by Sanger sequencing of PCR products of the HLA-E gene and HLA-E alleles determined by using SeqScape® software according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the HLA System. The frequency of the HLA-E*0101/*0103X genotype in male patients with PV was found to be significantly higher than in men in the control group (P=0.023). In addition, the frequency of the HLA-E*0103X/*0103X genotype was significantly lower in patients with PV than the control group (P=0.040). We also detected that the frequency of the HLA-E*0101/*0103X genotype in patients with mucocutaneous type PV and the frequency of the HLA-E*0101/*0101 genotype in patients with mucosal type PV was significantly higher than those in other types of PV (P=0.001 and P=0.006). The results of this study indicate that carrying the HLA-E*0101/0103X genotype may increase the risk of PV in male patients.  </p

The Hemostatic Efficacy of Hydrogen Peroxide Irrigation to Control Intraoperative Bleeding in Adenoidectomy

Objective:Although adenoidectomy is generally accepted as a safe procedure, intraoperative hemorrhage is still the most common and potentially life- threating complication, especially in pediatric patients. We evaluated the clinical effect of intraoperative hydrogen peroxide irrigation with respect to hemostasis and operation times in pediatric adenoidectomy.Methods:This was a prospective, randomized, double- blind study to investigate hydrogen peroxide solution in hemostasis in pediatric patients undergoing adenoidectomy. The patient, the surgeon, and the study nurse were blinded to the surgical technique used.Results:One hundred seventeen (56 males and 61 females) consecutive pediatric patients with a mean age of 5.46±1.19 years were included in the study. There were 58 patients in the hydrogen peroxide group (median age: 6 years, mean age: 5.62±1.28 years) and 59 patients in the control group (median age: 5 years, mean age: 5.31±1.07 years). No significant difference was observed between the two groups with respect to age (p=0.151), gender (p=0.646), or adenoid size (p=0.767). On the other hand, the difference between the groups with respect to operation and hemostasis times was found to be statistically significant (p<0.001 for both). The average operation times were 8.67±0.48 min in the hydrogen peroxide group and 12.30±0.69 min in the control group. The average hemostasis times were 3.67±0.27 min in the hydrogen peroxide group and 5.73±0.31 min in the control group.Conclusion:Hydrogen peroxide solution can be effectively used in adenoidectomy for reducing intraoperative blood loss and for economic benefits