Mimesis in Ottoman paintings: An evaluation in regards the paintings of Şeker Ahmed Paşa

Osmanlı resminde mimesis kendi iç dinamikleri sonucu ulaştığı bir yöntem değildir. Batıdan ithal edilen biçim dilinin Osmanlı sanatçıları tarafından uygulanmasından ibarettir. Osmanlı resminde bu kavram 17. yüzyıldan itibaren geleneksel biçim dilinin çözülmeye başlamasıyla gündeme gelir, ancak programlı olarak 19. yüzyıl resminde uygulanmaya başlanır. Bu makale, mimesis kavramını Şeker Ahmed Paşa’nın resimleri bağlamında incelemektedir. Felsefi anlamda mimesis, akılcı, nesnel ve bilimsel bir gerçekliğin resim düzleminde ifadesidir. Osmanlı-İslam kültürü içinde yetişen, tasavvufun ontolojik görüşü ve geleneksel ahlak sistemine büyük ölçüde bağlı olan bir sanatçının resimlerinde mimesisin kendini özgü yönü sorgulanmaktadır.  Anahtar Kelimeler: Mimesis, Osmanlı resmi, Şeker Ahmed Paşa.Mimesis was not a method that was attained as a result of internal dynamics in the Ottoman paintings. It consisted of the Ottoman artists implementation of a style that was imported from the Western world. This concept came into being in the Ottoman paintings, starting from 17th Century, when the style of language used became disintegrated; however, it’s programmed implementation in paintings dates back to the 19th Century. The image in painting is not only physical and technical result but also mental and cultural expression. This article presents a epistemological approach to the subject. Ottoman mentality that is based on a priory and idealist epistemology is in contrast with Western mentality that is based on empirical and positivist epistemology. These two different ways of thinking and seeing were conjoined and that constituted peculiar structure in Westernization period. Philosophically speaking, mimesis is the expression that is projected as painting as it is realized on a rationalistic, objective and a scientific scale. This paper examines the concept of mimesis in relation to paintings of Şeker Ahmed Paşa. The interrogation, in question, here is about the style of use of mimesis in paintings of Şeker Ahmed Paşa who was raised in an Ottoman-Islamic culture, who was bound by the views of Islamic mysticism and who was also tied to a traditional moral system. Keywords: Mimesis, Ottoman painting, Şeker Ahmed Paşa

Epidemiology of surgery associated acute kidney injury (EPIS-AKI): a prospective international observational multi-center clinical study

Purpose: The incidence, patient features, risk factors and outcomes of surgery-associated postoperative acute kidney injury (PO-AKI) across different countries and health care systems is unclear. Methods: We conducted an international prospective, observational, multi-center study in 30 countries in patients undergoing major surgery (> 2-h duration and postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) or high dependency unit admission). The primary endpoint was the occurrence of PO-AKI within 72 h of surgery defined by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. Secondary endpoints included PO-AKI severity and duration, use of renal replacement therapy (RRT), mortality, and ICU and hospital length of stay. Results: We studied 10,568 patients and 1945 (18.4%) developed PO-AKI (1236 (63.5%) KDIGO stage 1500 (25.7%) KDIGO stage 2209 (10.7%) KDIGO stage 3). In 33.8% PO-AKI was persistent, and 170/1945 (8.7%) of patients with PO-AKI received RRT in the ICU. Patients with PO-AKI had greater ICU (6.3% vs. 0.7%) and hospital (8.6% vs. 1.4%) mortality, and longer ICU (median 2 (Q1-Q3, 1-3) days vs. 3 (Q1-Q3, 1-6) days) and hospital length of stay (median 14 (Q1-Q3, 9-24) days vs. 10 (Q1-Q3, 7-17) days). Risk factors for PO-AKI included older age, comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease), type, duration and urgency of surgery as well as intraoperative vasopressors, and aminoglycosides administration. Conclusion: In a comprehensive multinational study, approximately one in five patients develop PO-AKI after major surgery. Increasing severity of PO-AKI is associated with a progressive increase in adverse outcomes. Our findings indicate that PO-AKI represents a significant burden for health care worldwide