Reliability-Based View Synthesis for Free Viewpoint Video

View synthesis is a crucial technique for free viewpoint video and multi-view video coding because of its capability to render an unlimited number of virtual viewpoints from adjacent captured texture images and corresponding depth maps. The accuracy of depth maps is very important to the rendering quality, since depth image–based rendering (DIBR) is the most widely used technology among synthesis algorithms. There are some issues due to the fact that stereo depth estimation is error-prone. In addition, filling occlusions is another challenge in producing desirable synthesized images. In this paper, we propose a reliability-based view synthesis framework. A depth refinement method is used to check the reliability of depth values and refine some of the unreliable pixels, and an adaptive background modeling algorithm is utilized to construct a background image aiming to fill the remaining empty regions after a proposed weighted blending process. Finally, the proposed approach is implemented and tested on test video sequences, and experimental results indicate objective and subjective improvements compared to previous view synthesis methods

Hybrid Temporal Correlation Based on Gaussian Mixture Model Framework for View Synthesis

As 3D video is explored as a hot research topic in the last few decades, free-viewpoint TV (FTV) is no doubt a promising field for its better visual experience and incomparable interactivity. View synthesis is obviously a crucial technology for FTV; it enables to render images in unlimited numbers of virtual viewpoints with the information from limited numbers of reference view. In this paper, a novel hybrid synthesis framework is proposed and blending priority is explored. In contrast to the commonly used View Synthesis Reference Software (VSRS), the presented synthesis process is driven in consideration of the temporal correlation of image sequences. The temporal correlations will be exploited to produce fine synthesis results even near the foreground boundaries. As for the blending priority, this scheme proposed that one of the two reference views is selected to be the main reference view based on the distance between the reference views and virtual view, another view is chosen as the auxiliary viewpoint, just assist to fill the hole pixel with the help of background information. Significant improvement of the proposed approach over the state-of –the-art pixel-based virtual view synthesis method is presented, the results of the experiments show that subjective gains can be observed, and objective PSNR average gains range from 0.5 to 1.3 dB, while SSIM average gains range from 0.01 to 0.05

Transcript levels of major interleukins in relation to the clinicopathological profile of patients with tuberculous intervertebral discs and healthy controls.

The purpose of the present study was to simultaneously examine the transcript levels of a large number of interleukins (ILs; IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-26, and IL-27) and investigate their correlation with the clinicopathological profiles of patients with tuberculous intervertebral discs.Clinical data were collected from 150 patients participating in the study from January 2013 to December 2013. mRNA expression levels in 70 tuberculous, 70 herniated, and 10 control intervertebral disc specimens were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction.IL-10, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, and IL-27 displayed stronger expression in tuberculous spinal disc tissue than in normal intervertebral disc tissue (P<0.05). Our results illustrated multiple correlations among IL-10, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, and IL-27 mRNA expression in tuberculous samples. Smoking habits were found to have a positive correlation with IL-17 transcript levels and a negative correlation with IL-10 transcript levels (P<0.05). Pain intensity, symptom duration, C-reactive protein levels, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate exhibited multiple correlations with the transcript levels of several ILs (P<0.05).The experimental data imply a double-sided effect on the activity of ILs in tuberculous spinal intervertebral discs, suggesting that they may be involved in intervertebral discs destruction. Our findings also suggest that smoking may affect the intervertebral discs destruction process of spinal tuberculosis. However, further studies are necessary to elucidate the exact role of ILs in the intervertebral discs destruction process of spinal tuberculosis

Pressure-Induced Reverse Reaction of the Photochemical Decomposition of Germanium Tetraiodide Molecular Crystal

GeI₄ molecular crystal and its solution in cyclohexane were irradiated by lasers of different wavelengths to investigate the critical wavelength for photochemical decomposition of GeI₄. We have observed that 633 nm laser can photochemically decompose GeI₄, exceeding the previously reported wavelength limit of 514 nm. XPS spectra indicate that GeI₄ is photochemically decomposed into Ge₂I₆ and I₂; unlike GeBr₄, Ge²⁺ (GeI₂) cannot be found in the photochemical reaction products. Raman spectra measurement of GeI₄ under high pressure up to 24 GPa show that Raman signals of Ge₂I₆ and I₂ vanish at 0.5 to 1.7 GPa. This finding clearly shows that high pressure can effectively reverse the photochemical decomposition of GeI₄ and influence the direction of the solid-state reaction, which is usually found on gas-phase reactions

The mRNA expression of the ILs in the three groups.

<p>Data are presented as mean ± SEM (standard error of the mean). Significantly higher mRNA expression in the TB group in contrast to the control group was detected for IL-10, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, and IL-27. The mRNA expression of IL-10, IL-16, IL-18, and IL-27 was higher in the TB group than in the ID herniation group. a: Significant difference versus the control group (P<0.05). b: Significant difference versus the ID herniation group (P<0.05). c: Significant difference versus the TB group (P<0.05).</p

Amplification curves.

<p>A: IL-10, the Ct value was within the range of 24–27; B: IL-12, the Ct value was within the range of 26–28; C: IL-16, the Ct value was within the range of 26–28; D: IL-18, the Ct value was within the range of 20–22; E: IL-17, the Ct value was within the range of 20–22; and F: IL-27, the Ct value was within the range of 21–23.</p

Primer sequences used for quantitative real-time RT-PCR.

<p>Primer sequences used for quantitative real-time RT-PCR.</p

Standard curves.

<p>A: IL-10, the efficiency was 95.242% and the correlation coefficient was 0.998; B: IL-12, the efficiency was 96.446% and the correlation coefficient was 0.991; C: IL-16, the efficiency was 98.241% and the correlation coefficient was 0.989; D: IL-17, the efficiency was 95.712% and the correlation coefficient was 0.999; E: IL-18, the efficiency was 97.501% and the correlation coefficient was 0.989; and F: IL-27, the efficiency was 97.081% and the correlation coefficient was 0.995.</p

Correlation table demonstrating the pairwise co-expression profile of ILs in the ID herniation and TB group.

<p>0 = not significant.</p><p>(+) = positive correlation, p<0.05.</p><p>(++) = positive correlation, p<0.001.</p><p>(−) = negative correlation, p<0.05.</p><p>(−) = negative correlation, p<0.001.</p

Detected mRNA expression of ILs in the three groups.

<p>ns = not significant.</p