Exploring Radio Frequency Techniques for Bone Fracture Detection: A Comprehensive Review of Low Frequency and Microwave Approaches

YesThis comprehensive review paper examines bone fracture detection techniques based on time-domain low-frequency and microwave radiofrequency (RF). Early and accurate diagnosis of bone fractures remains critical in healthcare, as it can significantly improve patient outcomes. This review focuses on the potential of low-frequency and microwave RF methods, particularly their combination and application of time-domain analysis for enhanced fracture detection. We begin by providing an overview of the fundamental concepts of RF techniques and then by examining biological tissues' dielectric properties. We then compare the advantages and limitations of various bone fracture detection techniques, such as low-frequency RF methods, microwave RF methods, ultrasonography, X-ray, and CT scans. The discussion then shifts to hybrid approaches that combine low-frequency and microwave techniques, emphasising the advantages of such combinations in fracture detection. Machine learning techniques, their applications in bone fracture detection, and the role of time-domain analysis in hybrid approaches are also investigated. Finally, we examine the accuracy and reliability of simulated models for bone fracture detection. We discuss recent advancements and future directions, such as novel sensor technologies, improved signal processing techniques, integration with medical imaging modalities, and personalised fracture detection approaches. This review aims to comprehensively understand the landscape and future potential of time-domain analysis in low-frequency and microwave RF techniques for bone fracture detection.EU Horizon Europe H2020-MSCA-RISE-2022-2027 (ID: 101086492) and H2020-MSCA-RISE-2019-2024 (ID 872878), Marie Skłodowska-Curie, Research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE), and the financial support from the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) under grant EP/ X039366/1

ACRA : a unified admission control and resource allocation framework for virtualized environments

Exploiting the benefits of virtualization, web services are consolidated in large data centers. Managing the performance of such complex systems is a critical problem. Providers must offer applications with high quality of service (QoS) and performance and simultaneously achieve optimal utilization of their infrastructure. Meeting their Service Level Objectives (SLOs), such as response time in a dynamic environment (dense load, variable capacity), while minimizing the energy consumption of the data center is an open research problem.Most of the proposed approaches use either admission control or resource allocation techniques to solve it. We present a unified framework, which models the system's dynamic behavior with a group of state-space models, scales between different desired operation points and uses a set-theoretic control technique to solve admission control and resource allocation problems as a common decision problem with stability and robustness guarantees for the system under study

Technical infrastructure for a Pan-European federation of testbeds

The Pan-European laboratory - Panlab - is based on federation of distributed testbeds that are interconnected, providing access to required platforms, networks and services for broad interoperability testing and enabling the trial and evaluation of service concepts, technologies, system solutions and business models. In this context a testbed federation is the interconnection of two or more independent testbeds for the temporary creation of a richer environment for testing and experimentation, and for the increased multilateral benefit of the users of the individual independent testbeds. The technical infrastructure that supports the federation is based on a web service through which available testing resources can be queried and requested. The available resources are stored in a repositor y, and a processing engine is able to identify, locate and provision the requested testing infrastructure, based on the testing users' requirements. The concept is implemented using a gateway approach at the border of each federated testbed. Each testbed is an independent administrative domain and implements a reference point specification in its gateway

Introducing a cross federation identity solution for converged network environments

The Future Internet architecture, based on the integration of existing networks and services, and the addition of many new devices like sensors, face a series of important technical challenges, one of them being the management of diverse user identities. The diversity and plethora of the services and procedures affected by the unassociated existing user identities stress the necessity for a holistic solution to deal with the different aspects of the identity management problem. Existing efforts propose limited identity solutions that can only be applied within well defined boundaries and cannot extend their functionality to support converged network environments and service operations across different administrative domains. This paper presents a Dynamic Identity Mapping Association N'Discovery System (DIMANDS) as a holistic identity solution for large scale heterogeneous network environments. This solution offers cross federation identity services and is based on a uni versal discovery mechanism which spans across different networks, layers and federations. It is also empowered with a unified trust framework which can collect and process diverse trust information to provide trust decisions on a widely accepted format

Towards a service-enabled distributed router architecture

Modelling is an essential tool in the development and assessment of new concepts. The authors propose an architecture for the next-generation gigabit distributed active router that was designed and implemented in the IST project, FlexiNET. In the FlexiNET project, a service called 'dynamic service deployment' dynamically installs, monitors and uninstalls new services on user demand or by default configuration. The proposed distributed router architecture achieves scalability of performance, functional flexibility and reliability. Scalability is achieved by adding new modules that have identical interfaces in an extensible function block. New services can easily be added by inserting modules that have the appropriate functionality. Another significant aspect of the model presented is that a failure in one module does not affect the other modules because they operate independently

SNAP based resource control for active networks

This paper proposes a new efficient mechanism for controlling and managing the resources within and around the active nodes [13]: routers and switches that have a legacy SNMP management system. Existing system such as ABLE [6] has an out-of-band management capability, which is insufficient for managing data flow as the flow progresses through the network. This paper proposes the use of the combined approach of SNAP [2] and SNMP [9] as an efficient network resource management mechanism on the FAIN active nodes [7],[12]. It has an in-band management approach in which each data flow will negotiate its next hop before it goes there; or it can create IPSec tunnels and modify routing table entries for the data flow