Fault Sneaking Attack: a Stealthy Framework for Misleading Deep Neural Networks

Despite the great achievements of deep neural networks (DNNs), the vulnerability of state-of-the-art DNNs raises security concerns of DNNs in many application domains requiring high reliability.We propose the fault sneaking attack on DNNs, where the adversary aims to misclassify certain input images into any target labels by modifying the DNN parameters. We apply ADMM (alternating direction method of multipliers) for solving the optimization problem of the fault sneaking attack with two constraints: 1) the classification of the other images should be unchanged and 2) the parameter modifications should be minimized. Specifically, the first constraint requires us not only to inject designated faults (misclassifications), but also to hide the faults for stealthy or sneaking considerations by maintaining model accuracy. The second constraint requires us to minimize the parameter modifications (using L0 norm to measure the number of modifications and L2 norm to measure the magnitude of modifications). Comprehensive experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed framework can inject multiple sneaking faults without losing the overall test accuracy performance.Comment: Accepted by the 56th Design Automation Conference (DAC 2019

Effect of pulsed methylprednisolone on pain, in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy

HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is an immune mediated myelopathy caused by the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). The efficacy of treatments used for patients with HAM/TSP is uncertain. The aim of this study is to document the efficacy of pulsed methylprednisolone in patients with HAM/TSP. Data from an open cohort of 26 patients with HAM/TSP was retrospectively analysed. 1g IV methylprednisolone was infused on three consecutive days. The outcomes were pain, gait, urinary frequency and nocturia, a range of inflammatory markers and HTLV-1 proviral load. Treatment was well tolerated in all but one patient. Significant improvements in pain were: observed immediately, unrelated to duration of disease and maintained for three months. Improvement in gait was only seen on Day 3 of treatment. Baseline cytokine concentrations did not correlate to baseline pain or gait impairment but a decrease in tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentration after pulsed methylprednisolone was associated with improvements in both. Until compared with placebo, treatment with pulsed methylprednisolone should be offered to patients with HAM/TSP for the treatment of pain present despite regular analgesia

Exact solutions to the focusing nonlinear Schrodinger equation

A method is given to construct globally analytic (in space and time) exact solutions to the focusing cubic nonlinear Schrodinger equation on the line. An explicit formula and its equivalents are presented to express such exact solutions in a compact form in terms of matrix exponentials. Such exact solutions can alternatively be written explicitly as algebraic combinations of exponential, trigonometric, and polynomial functions of the spatial and temporal coordinates.Comment: 60 pages, 18 figure

CACNA1C hypermethylation is associated with bipolar disorder

The CACNA1C gene, encoding a subunit of the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel is one of the best-supported susceptibility genes for bipolar disorder (BD). Genome-wide association studies have identified a cluster of non-coding single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in intron 3 to be highly associated with BD and schizophrenia. The mechanism by which these SNPs confer risk of BD appears to be through an altered regulation of CACNA1C expression. The role of CACNA1C DNA methylation in BD has not yet been addressed. The aim of this study was to investigate if CACNA1C DNA methylation is altered in BD. First, the methylation status of five CpG islands (CGIs) across CACNA1C in blood from BD subjects (n=40) and healthy controls (n=38) was determined. Four islands were almost completely methylated or completely unmethylated, while one island (CGI 3) in intron 3 displayed intermediate methylation levels. In the main analysis, the methylation status of CGI 3 was analyzed in a larger sample of BD subjects (n=582) and control individuals (n=319). Out of six CpG sites that were investigated, five sites showed significant hypermethylation in cases (lowest P=1.16 × 10(-7) for CpG35). Nearby SNPs were found to influence the methylation level, and we identified rs2238056 in intron 3 as the strongest methylation quantitative trait locus (P=2.6 × 10(-7)) for CpG35. In addition, we found an increased methylation in females, and no difference between bipolar I and II. In conclusion, we find that CACNA1C methylation is associated with BD and suggest that the regulatory effect of the non-coding risk variants involves a shift in DNA methylation

A unified approach to Darboux transformations

We analyze a certain class of integral equations related to Marchenko equations and Gel'fand-Levitan equations associated with various systems of ordinary differential operators. When the integral operator is perturbed by a finite-rank perturbation, we explicitly evaluate the change in the solution. We show how this result provides a unified approach to Darboux transformations associated with various systems of ordinary differential operators. We illustrate our theory by deriving the Darboux transformation for the Zakharov-Shabat system and show how the potential and wave function change when a discrete eigenvalue is added to the spectrum.Comment: final version that will appear in Inverse Problem

Hypomethylation of FAM63B in bipolar disorder patients

Bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are known to share common genetic and psychosocial risk factors. A recent epigenome-wide association study performed on blood samples from SZ patients found significant hypomethylation of FAM63B in exon 9. Here, we used iPLEX-based methylation analysis to investigate two CpG sites in FAM63B in blood samples from 459 BD cases and 268 controls. Both sites were significantly hypomethylated in BD cases (lowest p value = 3.94 × 10−8). The methylation levels at the two sites were correlated, and no strong correlation was found with nearby single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), suggesting that methylation differences at these sites are not readably picked up by genome-wide association studies. Overall, FAM63B hypomethylation was found in BD patients, thus replicating the initial finding in SZ patients. This study suggests that FAM63B is a shared epigenetic risk gene for the two disorders

Diffusion in tight confinement: a lattice-gas cellular automaton approach. I. Structural equilibrium properties

The thermodynamic and transport properties of diffusing species in microporous materials are strongly influenced by their interactions with the confining framework, which provide the energy landscape for the transport process. The simple topology and the cellular nature of the α cages of a ZK4 zeolite suggest that it is appropriate to apply to the study of the problem of diffusion in tight confinement a time-space discrete model such as a lattice-gas cellular automaton (LGCA). In this paper we investigate the properties of an equilibrium LGCA constituted by a constant number of noninteracting identical particles, distributed among a fixed number of identical cells arranged in a three-dimensional cubic network and performing a synchronous random walk at constant temperature. Each cell of this network is characterized by a finite number of two types of adsorption sites: the exit sites available to particle transfer and the inner sites not available to such transfers. We represent the particle-framework interactions by assuming a differentiation in binding energy of the two types of sites. This leads to a strong dependence of equilibrium and transport properties on loading and temperature. The evolution rule of our LGCA model is constituted by two operations (randomization, in which the number of particles which will be able to try a jump to neighboring cells is determined, and propagation, in which the allowed jumps are performed), each one applied synchronously to all of the cells. The authors study the equilibrium distribution of states and the adsorption isotherm of the model under various conditions of loading and temperature. In connection with the differentiation in energy between exit and inner sites, the adsorption isotherm is described by a conventional Langmuir isotherm at high temperature and by a dual-site Langmuir isotherm at low temperature, while a first order diffuse phase transition takes place at very low temperature

Exact Solutions to the Sine-Gordon Equation

A systematic method is presented to provide various equivalent solution formulas for exact solutions to the sine-Gordon equation. Such solutions are analytic in the spatial variable $x$ and the temporal variable $t,$ and they are exponentially asymptotic to integer multiples of $2\pi$ as $x\to\pm\infty.$ The solution formulas are expressed explicitly in terms of a real triplet of constant matrices. The method presented is generalizable to other integrable evolution equations where the inverse scattering transform is applied via the use of a Marchenko integral equation. By expressing the kernel of that Marchenko equation as a matrix exponential in terms of the matrix triplet and by exploiting the separability of that kernel, an exact solution formula to the Marchenko equation is derived, yielding various equivalent exact solution formulas for the sine-Gordon equation.Comment: 43 page