Design of master and slave modules on battery management system for electric vehicles

Nowadays, electric vehicle usage and the use of LiFePO4 batteries in electric vehicles gradually increase. However, there are important features to be considered to use these batteries safely and efficiently. Incorrect use of these batteries can lead to burning, explosion or shortening of the life of batteries. In this paper, a Battery Management System (BMS) for lithium based batteries is designed that operates more efficiently and communicates with UART between master and slave modules and can communicate via CAN protocol with external devices. Micro controller based control and protection equipment is designed that help to measure and monitor the voltage, temperature and current values of the batteries. They protect the battery cells from the conditions such as over charge, over discharge, high current, high temperature. BMS balances battery cell voltages during charging process with passive cell voltage balancing. In addition to the main controller module in the BMS, slave controller modules have been added to provide high resolution voltage and temperature tracking. A modular BMS has been devised which can be used in groups of batteries of different voltage values thanks to electrically isolated slave control modules

Towards a procedure-optimised steerable catheter for deep-seated neurosurgery

In recent years, steerable needles have attracted significant interest in relation to minimally invasive surgery (MIS). Specifically, the flexible, programmable bevel-tip needle (PBN) concept was successfully demonstrated in vivo in an evaluation of the feasibility of convection-enhanced delivery (CED) for chemotherapeutics within the ovine model with a 2.5 mm PBN prototype. However, further size reductions are necessary for other diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and drug delivery operations involving deep-seated tissue structures. Since PBNs have a complex cross-section geometry, standard production methods, such as extrusion, fail, as the outer diameter is reduced further. This paper presents our first attempt to demonstrate a new manufacturing method for PBNs that employs thermal drawing technology. Experimental characterisation tests were performed for the 2.5 mm PBN and the new 1.3 mm thermally drawn (TD) PBN prototype described here. The results show that thermal drawing presents a significant advantage in miniaturising complex needle structures. However, the steering behaviour was affected due to the choice of material in this first attempt, a limitation which will be addressed in future work

its disperse azo dyes. Part 2: Hetarylazo derivatives

4-Amino-1H-benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-2-one (I) was synthesized by reaction of 2-aminobenzimidazole with ethyl cyanoacetate and coupled with diazotized hetaryl amines to give the corresponding hetarylazo dyes (1-9). The structures of new hetarylazo dyes were confirmed by UV-vis, FT-IR and H-1 NMR spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. The solvatochromism of dyes was evaluated with respect to absorption maxima in various solvents. The color of the dyes is discussed with respect to the nature of the heterocyclic ring and the substituent therein. The effects of temperature, concentration as well as acid and base on the visible absorption maxima of the dyes are also reported. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

properties and theoretical calculations

5-Amino-4-arylazo-3-methyl-1H-pyrazoles (3a-1) have been diazotised and coupled with 4-hydroxycoumarin to give rise to the coumarin-based disperse disazo dyes (3a-1). The newly synthesized twelve coumarin-based disperse disazo dyes have been characterized by using the elemental analysis and the spectral methods. The solvatochromic behavior of these dyes in various solvents is evaluated. Substituent, acid and base effects on the visible absorption spectra of the dyes substituted with electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups at their o-, m-, p-position are also reported in detail. Molecular geometries and spectroscopic properties of the compounds considered in this work are also analyzed by using ab initio calculation methods based on the density functional theory (DFf) in the ground state. The theoretical results obtained from DFT are compatible with the experimental results. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved