Koroner arter bypass greftleme cerrahisi sırasında deksmedetomidin kullanımının serebral etkileri

Kardiyopulmoner bypass’ın (KPB) olumsuz serebral etkilerine karşı tam koruma sağlayacak bir farmakolojik ajan konusunda henüz bir fikir birliği sağlanamadığından bu konudaki arayışlar devam etmektedir. Çalışmamızın amacı hemodinamik stabilite sağlamadaki üstünlüğü bilinen ve hayvan çalışmalarında da nöroprotektif özelliği olduğu gösterilen deksmedetomidinin koroner arter bypass greftleme (KABG) cerrahisi sırasında ortaya çıkan serebral iskemik hasara karşı koruyucu etkisi olup olmadığını belirlemektir. Etik Kurulu onayı ve hastaların izinleri alındıktan sonra KABG yapılacak 50-70 yaşları arası 24 hasta çalışmaya alındı. Hastalar randomize olarak deksmedetomidin alan (Grup D, n = 12) ve almayanlar (Grup K, n = 12) şeklinde iki gruba ayrıldı. Standart anestezi indüksiyonu sonrası tüm hastalara juguler bulb kateteri takılıp bazal kan örnekleri alındı. Grup D’ye 10 dk içinde 1 μg/kg bolus ve ardından 0.7 μg/kg/sa dozunda deksmedetomidin infüzyonu verildi. Hastalardan indüksiyon sonrası, KPB’nin 10.dakikasında, kros-klemp kalkışından 1 dk. sonra, KPB çıkışından 1 dk. sonra, ameliyat sonunda ve postoperatif 24. saatte arteriyel ve juguler venöz kan örnekleri alınarak kan gazı analizleri ile S-100B proteini, nöron spesifik enolaz (NSE) ve laktat değerlerinin ölçümleri yapıldı. Elde edilen değerler gruplar arasında Mann-Whitney U testi ile grup içinde Wilcoxon testi ile karşılaştırıldı. Grup D ve Grup K arasında arteriyel ve juguler venöz pH, PO2, PCO2 değerleri ve O2 saturasyonları açısından herhangi bir fark bulunmadı. S-100B, NSE ve arteriyel-juguler venöz laktat farkı değerleri açısından da iki grup bulguları benzerdi. Postoperatif dönemde hiç bir hastada klinik olarak nörolojik bir komplikasyon izlenmedi. Sonuç olarak, KPB sırasında ve sonrasında gerek S-100B ve NSE gerekse laktat farkları açısından literatürle uyumlu değişiklikler izlediğimiz hastalarımızda deksmedetomidin grubunda kontrol grubundan farklı sonuçlar olmaması, deksmedetomidinin nöroprotektif etkisinin bulunmadığını düşündürmektedir. Daha yüksek ilaç dozları kullanılarak yapılacak çalışmalarla farklı sonuçlar elde edilebilir

Organisation, staffing and resources of critical care units in Kenya

Objective: To describe the organisation, staffing patterns and resources available in critical care units in Kenya. The secondary objective was to explore variations between units in the public and private sectors. Materials and methods: An online cross-sectional survey was used to collect data on organisational characteristics (model of care, type of unit, quality- related activities, use of electronic medical records and participation in the national ICU registry), staffing and available resources for monitoring, ventilation and general critical care. Results: The survey included 60 of 75 identified units (80% response rate), with 43% (n = 23) located in government facilities. A total of 598 critical care beds were reported with a median of 6 beds (interquartile range [IQR] 5–11) per unit, with 26% beds (n = 157) being non functional. The proportion of ICU beds to total hospital beds was 3.8% (IQR 1.9–10.4). Most of the units (80%, n = 48) were mixed/general units with an open model of care (60%, n = 36). Consultants-in-charge were mainly anesthesiologists (69%, n = 37). The nurse-to-bed ratio was predominantly 1:2 with half of the nurses formally trained in critical care. Most units (83%, n = 47) had a dedicated ventilator for each bed, however 63% (n = 39) lacked high flow nasal therapy. While basic multiparametric monitoring was ubiquitous, invasive blood pressure measurement capacity was low (3% of beds, IQR 0–81%), and capnography moderate (31% of beds, IQR 0–77%). Blood gas analysers were widely available (93%, n = 56), with 80% reported as functional. Differences between the public and private sector were narrow. Conclusion: This study shows an established critical care network in Kenya, in terms of staffing density, availability of basic monitoring and ventilation resources. The public and private sector are equally represented albeit with modest differences. Potential areas for improvement include training, use of invasive blood pressure and functionality of blood gas analysers

Sex difference and intra-operative tidal volume: Insights from the LAS VEGAS study

BACKGROUND: One key element of lung-protective ventilation is the use of a low tidal volume (VT). A sex difference in use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) has been described in critically ill ICU patients.OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine whether a sex difference in use of LTVV also exists in operating room patients, and if present what factors drive this difference.DESIGN, PATIENTS AND SETTING: This is a posthoc analysis of LAS VEGAS, a 1-week worldwide observational study in adults requiring intra-operative ventilation during general anaesthesia for surgery in 146 hospitals in 29 countries.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Women and men were compared with respect to use of LTVV, defined as VT of 8 ml kg-1 or less predicted bodyweight (PBW). A VT was deemed 'default' if the set VT was a round number. A mediation analysis assessed which factors may explain the sex difference in use of LTVV during intra-operative ventilation.RESULTS: This analysis includes 9864 patients, of whom 5425 (55%) were women. A default VT was often set, both in women and men; mode VT was 500 ml. Median [IQR] VT was higher in women than in men (8.6 [7.7 to 9.6] vs. 7.6 [6.8 to 8.4] ml kg-1 PBW, P < 0.001). Compared with men, women were twice as likely not to receive LTVV [68.8 vs. 36.0%; relative risk ratio 2.1 (95% CI 1.9 to 2.1), P < 0.001]. In the mediation analysis, patients' height and actual body weight (ABW) explained 81 and 18% of the sex difference in use of LTVV, respectively; it was not explained by the use of a default VT.CONCLUSION: In this worldwide cohort of patients receiving intra-operative ventilation during general anaesthesia for surgery, women received a higher VT than men during intra-operative ventilation. The risk for a female not to receive LTVV during surgery was double that of males. Height and ABW were the two mediators of the sex difference in use of LTVV.TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01601223

Individual and combined effects of chemical and mechanical power on postoperative pulmonary complications: a secondary analysis of the REPEAT study

Introduction: Intra-operative supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation expose the lungs to potentially injurious energy. This can be quantified as 'chemical power' and 'mechanical power', respectively. In this study, we sought to determine if intra-operative chemical and mechanical power, individually and/or in combination, are associated with postoperative pulmonary complications. Methods: Using an individual patient data analysis of three randomised clinical trials of intra-operative ventilation, we summarised intra-operative chemical and mechanical power using time-weighted averages. We evaluated the association between intra-operative chemical and mechanical power and a collapsed composite of postoperative pulmonary complications using multivariable logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios related to the effect of 1 J.min-1 increase in chemical or mechanical power with adjustment for demographic and intra-operative characteristics. We also included an interaction term to assess for potential synergistic effects of chemical and mechanical power on postoperative pulmonary complications. Results: Of 3837 patients recruited to three individual trials, 2492 with full datasets were included in the analysis. Intra-operative time-weighted average (SD) chemical power was 10.2 (3.9) J.min-1 and mechanical power was 10.5 (4.4) J.min-1. An increase of 1 J.min-1 in chemical power was associated with 8% higher odds of postoperative pulmonary complications (OR 1.08, 95%CI 1.05-1.10, p < 0.001), while the same increase in mechanical power raised odds by 5% (OR 1.05, 95%CI 1.02-1.08, p = 0.003). We did not find evidence of a significant interaction between chemical and mechanical power (p = 0.40), suggestive of an additive rather than synergistic effect on postoperative pulmonary complications. Discussion: Both chemical and mechanical power are independently associated with postoperative pulmonary complications. Further work is required to determine causality

Early mobilisation in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a subanalysis of the ESICM-initiated UNITE-COVID observational study

Background Early mobilisation (EM) is an intervention that may improve the outcome of critically ill patients. There is limited data on EM in COVID-19 patients and its use during the first pandemic wave. Methods This is a pre-planned subanalysis of the ESICM UNITE-COVID, an international multicenter observational study involving critically ill COVID-19 patients in the ICU between February 15th and May 15th, 2020. We analysed variables associated with the initiation of EM (within 72 h of ICU admission) and explored the impact of EM on mortality, ICU and hospital length of stay, as well as discharge location. Statistical analyses were done using (generalised) linear mixed-effect models and ANOVAs. Results Mobilisation data from 4190 patients from 280 ICUs in 45 countries were analysed. 1114 (26.6%) of these patients received mobilisation within 72 h after ICU admission; 3076 (73.4%) did not. In our analysis of factors associated with EM, mechanical ventilation at admission (OR 0.29; 95% CI 0.25, 0.35; p = 0.001), higher age (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.98, 1.00; p ≤ 0.001), pre-existing asthma (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.73, 0.98; p = 0.028), and pre-existing kidney disease (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.71, 0.99; p = 0.036) were negatively associated with the initiation of EM. EM was associated with a higher chance of being discharged home (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.08, 1.58; p = 0.007) but was not associated with length of stay in ICU (adj. difference 0.91 days; 95% CI − 0.47, 1.37, p = 0.34) and hospital (adj. difference 1.4 days; 95% CI − 0.62, 2.35, p = 0.24) or mortality (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.7, 1.09, p = 0.24) when adjusted for covariates. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that a quarter of COVID-19 patients received EM. There was no association found between EM in COVID-19 patients' ICU and hospital length of stay or mortality. However, EM in COVID-19 patients was associated with increased odds of being discharged home rather than to a care facility. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04836065 (retrospectively registered April 8th 2021)