Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Attributes of Biscuits Produced from Composite Flours of Wheat (Triticum aestivum l.) and Potato (Solanum tuberosum l.)

This research was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical properties and sensory attributes produced from composite flours of wheat and potato as well as to determine the effect of incorporation of potato at different levels for biscuit production. The proximate composition of biscuit produced by substituting potato at different levels with wheat flours were ranged from 4.32 to 5.84% for moisture, 1.5 to 2.55% for ash, 7.02 to 7.36 for fat, 6.56 to 8.10 for protein, 4.44 to 6.80% for fiber and 72.30 to 74.11 for carbohydrate. As the supplementation of potato flour increases, the mineral contents increases, this is due to the supplementation of potato flour which has high mineral contents compared to wheat flour. Even though some significance differences are there the sensory attributes of biscuit produced were in acceptable range. The nutritional quality of the developed biscuits was enhanced due to the addition of potato flour. Therefore, the present results showed that it should be directed towards the utilization of potato flour in food product development particularly biscuit using up to 50% supplementation. Keywords: Biscuit, physicochemical, sensory attributes, potato and proximate compositio

Effect of Maturity Stage Analysis on Post Harvest Physicochemical Characteristics and Mineral contents of Papaya (Carica papaya) Fruit grown in Horo Guduru Wollega Zone, Shambu, Ethiopia

Papaya is a power house of nutrients and is available throughout the year. Maturity at harvest is very important to composition and quality of papaya. The objective of this research was to analyze the effect of maturity stage on post harvest physicochemical characteristics and mineral contents of papaya fruit grown in Horo Guduru Wollega Zone, Shambu, Ethiopia. The treatment consisted of papaya fruit samples at different stages with three levels (Ripe, Medium Ripe, and Unripe Papaya). The proximate composition of papaya were ranged from 17.68 to 18.06% for moisture, 0.78 to 3.03% for ash, 0.63 to 2.27% for fat, 5.39 to 6.68% for protein, 7.80 to 9.16% for crude fiber and 58.10 to 67.30% for carbohydrate. The firmness ranged from 4.40 to 6.40 kg/cm2, 5.39 to 5.48 for PH, 6.03 to 10.22 obrix for total soluble solid and 15.08 to 23.50 for total sugars. The mineral contents were ranged from 1670 to 2006 mg/100g for phosphorous, 122.03 to 279.35 mg/100g for calcium and 32.37 to 44.39 mg/100g for ascorbic acids. Papaya fruit have high proximate composition, mineral contents and ascorbic acids in the three treatments for this study. Therefore, it is recommended to use ripe and medium ripe papaya fruit since it contains plenty of proximate composition and mineral. Furthermore, further research should be carried out by using this fruit for different food product development. Keywords: Papaya, maturity stage, mineral and physicochemical characteristic

Evaluation of physicochemical properties and sensory attributes of leavened bread produced from composite flours of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.)

This study was initiated with the objective of investigating the use of improved sweet potato variety namely, Adu for bread production by combining with wheat flour. The experiment was carried out in a completely Randomized Design with three replications. The sweet potato variety was evaluated in five blending ratios of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. The breads of the composite flours of wheat and sweet potato resulted in significant reduction in crude protein, crude fat and energy contents whereas the ash, crude fiber, and carbohydrate contents were increased significantly. High vitamin A contents was found in breads with 25% sweet potato flours. Sensory acceptability evaluation based on color, appearance, flavor, texture, and taste showed no significant (P˃0.05) difference between breads having 0 and 5% sweet potato. The sensory acceptability scores of breads remained within the liking range, i.e 6 and above in scale of 9 for sweet potato variety. Adu sweet potato flour therefore could be added to wheat flour up to 25% to produce breads of acceptable sensory quality and enhanced nutrition. Keywords: Sweet potato Bread Sensory attributes Composite flour

Bovine Tuberculosis at the Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interface in Hamer Woreda, South Omo, Southern Ethiopia

Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is endemic in cattle in the Ethiopian Highlands but no studies have been done so far in pastoralists in South Omo. This study assessed the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) at an intensive interface of livestock, wildlife and pastoralists in Hamer Woreda (South Omo), Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey including a comparative intradermal skin testing (CIDT) was conducted in 499 zebu cattle and 186 goats in 12 settlements. Sputum samples from 26 symptomatic livestock owners were cultured for TB. Fifty-one wildlife samples from 13 different species were also collected in the same area and tested with serological (lateral flow assay) and bacteriological (culture of lymph nodes) techniques. Individual BTB prevalence in cattle was 0.8% (CI: 0.3%–2%) with the >4 mm cut-off and 3.4% (CI: 2.1%–5.4%) with the >2 mm cut-off. Herd prevalence was 33.3% and 83% when using the >4 and the >2 mm cut-off respectively. There was no correlation between age, sex, body condition and positive reactors upon univariate analysis. None of the goats were reactors for BTB. Acid fast bacilli (AFB) were detected in 50% of the wildlife cultures, 79.2% of which were identified as Mycobacterium terrae complex. No M. bovis was detected. Twenty-seven percent of tested wildlife were sero-positive. Four sputum cultures (15.4%) yielded AFB positive colonies among which one was M. tuberculosis and 3 non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). The prevalence of M. avium-complex (MAC) was 4.2% in wildlife, 2.5% in cattle and 0.5% in goats. In conclusion, individual BTB prevalence was low, but herd prevalence high in cattle and BTB was not detected in goats, wildlife and humans despite an intensive contact interface. On the contrary, NTMs were highly prevalent and some Mycobacterium spp were more prevalent in specific species. The role of NTMs in livestock and co-infection with BTB need further research

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Effects of processing methods on nutritional composition of improved soybean varieties for soymilk production

Value addition efforts in respect of using soybean in various food applications are scarce in Ethiopia. The effect of processing methods was investigated on nutritional composition of improved soybean varieties for soymilk production. The experiment was carried out in a factorial design, improved soybean variety as the first factor (Didessa, Katta and Korme) and processing methods as a second factor of three levels (Illinois, Cornel and Traditional method), replicated three times. The Cornel processing method gave the highest ash content (0.32%) from Korme and the lowest (0.27%) from Didessa and Katta varieties. The highest (2.60%) crude protein content was recorded from Didessa and the lowest (2.13%) from Katta, using Cornel processing methods. The highest carbohydrate content (13.21%) was recorded from Didessa and the lowest (6.87%) from Korme. The highest (75.93 kcal/100 g) energy content was recorded from Didessa and the lowest (51.77 kcal/100 g) from Korme, by Cornell processing method. Generally, Cornel processing method was the best of the three processing methods for improved variety of soybean. From the three varieties of improved soybean, Didessa had higher nutritional composition and could be used in different food product development efforts and can contribute in addressing the food security problems of Ethiopia