La protection dans les échanges commerciaux : arguments, formes, mesures et applications aux pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne

L'étude apporte un éclairage sur la question du protectionnisme en Afrique, au départ d'un survol des arguments de celui-ci, d'une présentation de ces formes et indicateurs de mesure et enfin d'une application de ces derniers aux pays subsahariens de ce continent. Elle permet de conclure que les pays ne peuvent être véritablement taxés de protectionnisme contrairement à ce qui est souvent avancé. (Résumé d'auteur

BrEPS: a flexible and automatic protocol to compute enzyme-specific sequence profiles for functional annotation

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Models for the simulation of metabolic networks require the accurate prediction of enzyme function. Based on a genomic sequence, enzymatic functions of gene products are today mainly predicted by sequence database searching and operon analysis. Other methods can support these techniques: We have developed an automatic method "BrEPS" that creates highly specific sequence patterns for the functional annotation of enzymes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The enzymes in the UniprotKB are identified and their sequences compared against each other with BLAST. The enzymes are then clustered into a number of trees, where each tree node is associated with a set of EC-numbers. The enzyme sequences in the tree nodes are aligned with ClustalW. The conserved columns of the resulting multiple alignments are used to construct sequence patterns. In the last step, we verify the quality of the patterns by computing their specificity. Patterns with low specificity are omitted and recomputed further down in the tree. The final high-quality patterns can be used for functional annotation. We ran our protocol on a recent Swiss-Prot release and show statistics, as well as a comparison to PRIAM, a probabilistic method that is also specialized on the functional annotation of enzymes. We determine the amount of true positive annotations for five common microorganisms with data from BRENDA and AMENDA serving as standard of truth. BrEPS is almost on par with PRIAM, a fact which we discuss in the context of five manually investigated cases.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our protocol computes highly specific sequence patterns that can be used to support the functional annotation of enzymes. The main advantages of our method are that it is automatic and unsupervised, and quite fast once the patterns are evaluated. The results show that BrEPS can be a valuable addition to the reconstruction of metabolic networks.</p

Intact priors for gaze direction in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum conditions

This research was supported by the UK Medical Research Council under project code MC-A060-5PQ50 (Andrew J. Calder). IM was supported by a Leverhulme Trust Project Grant. CC was supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship. SBC was supported by the MRC, the Wellcome Trust and the Autism Research Trust during the period of this work. The research was also supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care East of England at Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust

Influence du taux d’hémoglobine sur la réponse à la radiothérapie des cancers du col de l’utérus : Étude rétrospective de 31 cas au CHU de Dakar

Le cancer du col de l’utérus est actuellement le deuxième cancer gynécologique après celui de l’endomètre. Près de 50% des cas diagnostiqués à travers le monde pourraient profiter de la radiothérapie dont l’efficacité dépend en partie du taux d’hémoglobine. Ainsi, nous avons entrepris d’évaluer l’influence du taux d’hémoglobine sur la réponse à la radiothérapie des cancers du col de l’utérus. Il s’agit d’une étuderétrospective de janvier 2006 à janvier 2009 portant sur 31 dossiers de patientes admises pour un cancer du col de l’utérus et ayant bénéficié d’une radiothérapie exclusive. L’âge moyen des patientes était de 53 ans. Les tranches d’âge les plus représentées étaient celles de 44 à 55 ans et de 55 à 66 ans avec respectivement 16 et 12 patientes. Plus de la moitié des patientes 61,29% étaient anémiées en début de traitement. Des doses élevées de radiations étaient retrouvées chez les patientes  anémiées. En effet, certains auteurs ont montré que les patientes anémiées avant de subir une radiothérapie développaient une  radiorésistance tumorale liée à l’hypoxie tissulaire expliquant ces doses élevées. Ces résultats suggèrent une collaboration entre radiothérapeutes et biologistes pour un diagnostic précoce (clinique, biologique) de l’anémie et un suivi biologique des patientes pendant leur traitement afin d’éviter les radiorésistances tumorales et les effets radio-induits tardifs.Mots clés : Anémie, cancer, col utérin, radiothérapie

Validação do zoneamento ecológico do Estado do Paraná para produção de sementes de soja.

Em determinadas regiões do Estado do Paraná, o baixo potencial de germinação, atribuído às condições climáticas desfavoráveis, durante o período de maturação da soja, é o principal fator de eliminação de lotes de sementes. Objetivando avaliar a dimensão do problema o estudo visou determinar as regiões mais apta do Paraná para produção de sementes de soja de elevado padrão fisiológico. Para tal, foram coletadas 121 amostras de sementes da cultivar BR16 (1996/97, 1997/98 e 1998/1999) e 119 amostras da cultivar BRS 133 (1999/2000, 2000/2001 e 20012002). Os parâmetros tomados por base para analisar a qualidade das sementes foram: germinação (%), vigor (TZ 1-3), viabilidade (TZ 1-5), deterioração por umidade (TZ 6-8), dano mecânico (6-8) e lesões de percevejos (TZ 6-8). Para interpretação dos dados, o estado do Paraná foi dividido em três regiões ecológicas: T1, temperatura média do mês mais quente (Fevereiro) >24oC; T2, temperatura média entre 22 e 24oC; T3, temperatura média <22oC. A região T3 que abrange os municípios de Ponta Grossa, Guarapuava, Pato Branco, Marilândia do Sul, Francisco Beltrão e parte de Cascavel, destacou-se, invariavelmente, por apresentar reduzidos índices de sementes com deterioração por umidade, com dano mecânico e com lesões de percevejos, resultando num melhor potencial de germinação, de vigor e de viabilidade. A validação do zoneamento ecológico adiciona uma tecnologia capaz de identificar a região Sul do estado do Paraná, com melhores condições climáticas para produção de sementes de soja de qualidade

Brain lateralization probed by water diffusion at atomic-to-micrometric scale

Combined neutron scattering and diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance experiments have been used to reveal significant interregional asymmetries (lateralization) in bovine brain hemispheres in terms of myelin arrangement and water dynamics at micron to atomic scales. Thicker myelin sheaths were found in the left hemisphere using neutron diffraction. 4.7\u2009T dMRI and quasi-elastic neutron experiments highlighted significant differences in the properties of water dynamics in the two hemispheres. The results were interpreted in terms of hemisphere-dependent cellular composition (number of neurons, cell distribution, etc.) as well as specificity of neurological functions (such as preferential networking)

Knowledge-driven perceptual organization reshapes information sampling via eye movements

Humans constantly move their eyes to explore the environment. However, how image-computable features and object representations contribute to eye-movement control is an ongoing debate. Recent developments in object perception indicate a complex relationship between features and object representations, where image-independent object knowledge generates objecthood by reconfiguring how feature space is carved up. Here, we adopt this emerging perspective, asking whether object-oriented eye movements result from gaze being guided by image-computable features, or by the fact that these features are bound into an object representation. We recorded eye movements in response to stimuli that initially appear as meaningless patches but are experienced as coherent objects once relevant object knowledge has been acquired. We demonstrate that fixations on identical images are more object-centered, less dispersed, and more consistent across observers once these images are organized into objects. Gaze guidance also showed a shift from exploratory information sampling to exploitation of object-related image areas. These effects were evident from the first fixations onwards. Importantly, eye movements were not fully determined by knowledge-dependent object representations but were best explained by the integration of these representations with image-computable features. Overall, the results show how information sampling via eye movements is guided by a dynamic interaction between image-computable features and knowledge-driven perceptual organization