Making things happen : a model of proactive motivation

Being proactive is about making things happen, anticipating and preventing problems, and seizing opportunities. It involves self-initiated efforts to bring about change in the work environment and/or oneself to achieve a different future. The authors develop existing perspectives on this topic by identifying proactivity as a goal-driven process involving both the setting of a proactive goal (proactive goal generation) and striving to achieve that proactive goal (proactive goal striving). The authors identify a range of proactive goals that individuals can pursue in organizations. These vary on two dimensions: the future they aim to bring about (achieving a better personal fit within one’s work environment, improving the organization’s internal functioning, or enhancing the organization’s strategic fit with its environment) and whether the self or situation is being changed. The authors then identify “can do,” “reason to,” and “energized to” motivational states that prompt proactive goal generation and sustain goal striving. Can do motivation arises from perceptions of self-efficacy, control, and (low) cost. Reason to motivation relates to why someone is proactive, including reasons flowing from intrinsic, integrated, and identified motivation. Energized to motivation refers to activated positive affective states that prompt proactive goal processes. The authors suggest more distal antecedents, including individual differences (e.g., personality, values, knowledge and ability) as well as contextual variations in leadership, work design, and interpersonal climate, that influence the proactive motivational states and thereby boost or inhibit proactive goal processes. Finally, the authors summarize priorities for future researc

Critique and Review of Leader-Member Exchange Theory: Issues of Agreement, Consensus, and Excellence

The relationship quality that develops between leaders and those designated as followers is of longstanding interest to researchers and practitioners. The purpose of the present article is to review the more recent developments in the field of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory to identify specific issues related to leader-member agreement and follower consensus that have potentially important theoretical and practical implications. We introduce the concept of LMX excellence, which involves high-quality LMX, high leader-member agreement as well as high group consensus in LMX quality. We outline how leaders and followers' behaviour as well as context can enhance or hinder the development of LMX excellence and conclude with an overview of the practical and theoretical implications as well as future research needs

Psychological resilience in sport performers: a review of stressors and protective factors

Psychological resilience is important in sport because athletes must utilize and optimize a range of mental qualities to withstand the pressures that they experience. In this paper, we discuss psychological resilience in sport performers via a review of the stressors athletes encounter and the protective factors that help them withstand these demands. It is hoped that synthesizing what is known in these areas will help researchers gain a deeper profundity of resilience in sport, and also provide a rigorous and robust foundation for the development of a sport-specific measure of resilience. With these points in mind, we divided the narrative into two main sections. In the first section, we review the different types of stressors encountered by sport performers under three main categories: competitive, organizational, and personal. Based on our recent research examining psychological resilience in Olympics champions (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012), in the second section we discuss the five main families of psychological factors (viz. positive personality, motivation, confidence, focus, perceived social support) that protect the best athletes from the potential negative effect of stressors. It is anticipated that this review will help sport psychology researchers examine the interplay between stressors and protective factors which will, in turn, focus the analytical lens on the processes underlying psychological resilience in athletes

Selected aspects of financing Polish agriculture under the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union

Celem badania była ocena programów pomocowych dla rolnictwa oraz zmian, które zaczęły się po przystąpieniu Polski do struktur Unii Europejskiej. Przedstawiono cele, zasady i sposoby finansowania wspólnej polityki rolnej. Przedstawiono także strukturę gospodarstw rolnych w Polsce na tle rolnictwa Unii Europejskiej z uwzględnieniem oceny gospodarowania funduszami europejskimi. Ostania część artykułu dotyczy wyników badań rolników w kwestii oceny programów pomocowych w dziesięciolecie przystąpienia Polski do Unii Europejskiej.The aim of this paper is to present the Polish agriculture and changes that occurred after the Polish accession to the European Union. The article presents targets, principles and methods of financing of the Common Agricultural Policy. It also shows a position of the Polish agriculture on the background of agriculture in the European Union including the evaluation of European funds’ management. The last part of this article concerns results of researches in terms of evaluation of aid programs

The position of territorial marketing in the implementation of municipal development strategies

Przedstawiono istotę marketingu terytorialnego z uwzględnieniem jego ewolucji oraz powiązań z różnymi sektorami wiedzy marketingowej. Zwrócono uwagę na cele i zadania marketingu terytorialnego w kształtowaniu pożądanych postaw i realizacji zadań społeczno-gospodarczych w lokalnym środowisku. Dla ilustracji rozważanych kwestii wskazano na praktykę wykorzystania marketingu terytorialnego w realizacji strategii rozwojowej gminy. Marketing terytorialny zyskuje na popularności, nie jest jednak powszechnie wykorzystywany. Stosuje się go głównie w promocji jednostek terytorialnych, kształtowaniu tożsamości, budowaniu marki i wizerunku.The paper presents the essence of territorial marketing stressing its evolution and links to various sectors of marketing knowledge. The aims and objectives of territorial marketing were emphasized in shaping the desired attitudes and implementation of socio-economic tasks in the local environment. The illustration of issues in question was provided by the territorial marketing practices in implementing the municipal development strategy

Waste Management in Public Awareness

W artykule podjęto problematykę związaną z świadomością społeczeństwa w zakresie gospodarowania odpadami. Dla ilustracji rozważanej kwestii posłużono się wynikami badań w postaci sondażu diagnostycznego na terenie miasta Koszalina. Jako przykład wykorzystano przedsiębiorstwa Gospodarki Komunalnej w Koszalinie. Wyniki badań i ich ilościowe dane zinterpretowano, i podjęto próbę uogólnienia wyprowadzając wnioski i konkluzje. Po analizie wyników zasugerowano opinię na temat stanu gospodarki odpadami w Koszalinie i skuteczności stosowanych działań z zakresu edukacji ekologicznej.The article presents the issues related to public awareness of waste management. In order to illustrate the issue in question, the author used the results of the researches in the form of a diagnostic survey in the city of Koszalin. Public utility companies in Koszalin were indicated as an example. The results of studies and their quantitative data were interpreted. Moreover, the author made an attempt to generalize the issue by drawing conclusions. After the analysis of results, an opinion concerning the state of waste man-agement in Koszalin and the effectiveness of applied ecological education ac-tivities was suggested

The development of agricultural real estate market in Poland

Celem badań było określenie specyfiki rynku gruntów rolnych w Polsce oraz charakterystyka głównych determinantów podejmowania decyzji inwestycyjnych na tym rynku na przykładzie gminy Ryczywół w województwie wielkopolskim. Scharakteryzowano podstawowe pojęcia i zjawiska związane z funkcjonowaniem rynku nieruchomości. Specyfikę rynku ziemi rolniczej przedstawiono z uwzględnieniem obowiązujących przepisów prawnych, sytuacji ekonomicznej i uwarunkowań społecznych. Jednocześnie ukazano problemy związane z rozwojem rynku nieruchomości rolnych wraz z propozycjami jego doskonalenia. Rozważany problem wsparto badaniami sondażowymi, wywiadem, obserwacją, analizą literatury przedmiotu i wybranych aktów prawnych.This paper focuses on the problems of development of the agricultural land in Poland with an example of experience of Ryczywol community. There are explained the basic concepts and phenomena related to the functioning of the real estate market. The specificity of the agricultural land market is shown with consideration of current law, economic and social conditions. At the same time the problems associated with the development of agricultural real estate market along with suggestions to improve it were shown. The issue was illustrated by population surveys, interview, observation, analysis of the literature and selected of legal acts

The role of territorial marketing in socio-economic development of local communities

Przedstawiono istotę marketingu terytorialnego, zwracając uwagę na jego ewolucję oraz powiązania z różnymi sektorami wiedzy marketingowej. Zwrócono także uwagę na cele i zadania marketingu terytorialnego w środowisku lokalnym. Wskazano na praktykę wykorzystania marketingu terytorialnego w dynamizowaniu społeczno-gospodarczym środowisk lokalnych. Marketing terytorialny (marketing miejsca) to bez wątpienia jeden z najszybciej rozwijających się obszarów teorii i praktyki marketingowej w ostatnim okresie. Daje się zaobserwować znaczący wzrost aktywności władz lokalnych i samorządów w zakresie marketingu miejsca.Undoubtedly territorial marketing (space marketing) has been recently one of the fastest growing areas of marketing theory and practice. We can observe a significant increase in the activity of local authorities and self-governments in the field of space marketing. In the paper the author presents the essence of territorial marketing, emphasizing its evolution and its connection to various sectors of marketing knowledge. Attention has also been drawn to the aims and objectives of territorial marketing in the local environment. To illustrate the discussed issues, the author has indicated the practice of using territorial marketing to accelerate the socio-economic development of local communities

Hunting as an element of environment protection

W prezentowanym materiale zwrócono uwagę na historię, ewolucję i organizację łowiectwa, a także na ich ekonomiczne i etyczne aspekty. Na bazie opinii samych myśliwych o stanie łowiectwa wskazano na prognozy łowiectwa w Polsce wynikające z wymogów Unii Europejskiej.The presented material draws attention to the history, evolution and organization of hunting, as well as their economic and ethical aspects. On the basis of the hunters’ opinions about the state of hunting, the hunting forecasts for Poland under the European Union requirements were pointed out