The Food Fight between the United States and Europe: Why GMOs Divide the West

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) have quickly become an abundant source of food, especially in the United States. But as GMOs have grown, Europeans have raised major concerns over health and environment issues posed by GMOs. In 1998 the European Union imposed a moratorium restricting the approval of any new GMOs in Europe. But the United States saw this as a block to free and fair trade and has taken a case up with the World Trade Organization to resolve the matter. The final decision is past due, but the EU has already lifted the moratorium. Instead, it has imposed rules that will help regulate and control the spread of GMOs within its borders. This research project is an effort to explain the wide gap in opinions between Americans and Europeans. The methodology includes a brief background on GMOs followed by the principle arguments for and against them. The question posed by this project is why opinions differ over GMOs in the United States and Europe. The thesis is a combined analysis of agricultural history, food crises, and the role of party systems in both the United States and within the European Union. The majority of evidence was found by consulting various government sources, such as EU-published surveys, or FDA-published laws regarding the regulations of foods containing GMOs in the United States. A minimum of information was taken from activist groups or non-government organizations in an attempt to remain objective, as these groups are known to use data to affect opinions in a certain direction. The main findings are that although the United States and Europe are very similar on many levels, their respective histories and political structures offer great differences. While agriculture in the United States progressed smoothly throughout its history, Europeans have been plagued with many crises that have developed a lack of trust in food security, such as mad cow disease, and the current concern over avian influenza. Europe also has the political structure to allow discussion of GMOs within the EU government due to its multi-party system, including a Green Party that focuses much of its agenda to issues regarding GMOs. The United States legislature, on the other hand, is subject to the agendas of its two main political parties where GMOs do not receive attention. In order to interpret the data and to formulate conclusions, common theories of international relations were used, including realism, liberalism, and Marxism. What makes this issue so important is that it is a dispute between two very close political allies. The United States and Europe have so much in common both politically and culturally, and yet the issue of GMOs remains divisive. This case provides much support for the liberal theory because rather than going to war with one another, as many conflicts have been resolved throughout history, the two regions sought out a neutral third party to provide a solution

La subérine chez Arabidopsis thaliana : Mécanisme d'export et contribution des alcools gras

In plants, suberin is a complex biopolymer made of aliphatic and aromatic compounds.It is deposited in the cell wall of tissues such as the endoderm and the periderm of roots or thecoat of the seeds. Suberin forms a hydrophobic barrier controlling the flow of water andsolutes, and protecting the plant from environmental stresses such as drought or pathogens.Through LC-MS/MS and GC-MS analyses, we have shown that the majority of the fattyalcohols present in the soluble fraction of Arabidopsis roots is in the form of alkyl caffeatesand alkyl coumarates. Such waxes, most probably associated with the suberin polymer, arealready detected at early stages of root development. A study of the distribution of all acylchains present in roots allowed us to highlight the major contribution of fatty alcohols in thecomposition of suberin and the importance of suberin in the global lipid metabolism of theroots. To identify proteins involved in the export of suberin precursors to the extracellularspace, we conducted a reverse genetic approach using lines mutated in genes coding forseveral ABCG transporters which were co-expressed with genes known to participate in thebiosynthesis of suberin. The results of these analyses confirmed that the export processinvolves several proteins that can have redundant functions, and supported the involvement ofa new transporter in the export of the suberin precursors.Chez les plantes, la subérine est un biopolymère constitué de composés aliphatiques etaromatiques déposés au niveau de la paroi des cellules de plusieurs tissus comme l’endodermeet le périderme des racines ou encore le manteau des graines. La subérine forme une barrièrehydrophobe permettant entre autres de contrôler les flux d’eau et de solutés, et de protéger laplante de stress environnementaux comme la sécheresse ou les pathogènes. Grâce à desanalyses en LC-MS/MS et en GC-MS, nous avons pu montrer que la majorité des alcools grasprésents dans la fraction soluble de racines d’Arabidopsis thaliana est sous forme d’alkylcaféates et d’alkyl coumarates. De plus, nous avons montré que ces cires associées aupolymère de subérine sont présentes dès les premiers stades du développement de la racine.Une étude de la distribution des chaînes acyles des racines nous a permis de mettre enévidence la contribution majeure des alcools gras dans la composition de la subérine ainsi quel’importance de la subérine dans le métabolisme lipidique des racines. Afin d’identifier desacteurs impliqués dans l’export des précurseurs de la subérine vers l’espace extracellulaire,nous avons mené une approche de génétique inverse en utilisant des lignées mutées pour desgènes codant notamment pour des ABCG transporteurs co-exprimés avec des gènes connuspour participer à la biosynthèse de la subérine. Les résultats de ces analyses ont confirmé quele processus d’export fait intervenir plusieurs protéines pouvant avoir des fonctionsredondantes et ont suggéré l’implication d’un nouveau transporteur dans l’export desprécurseurs de subérine

Small interfering RNA mediated Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 inhibition upregulates the heat shock response in a murine fibroblast cell line

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a highly conserved multifunctional enzyme, and its catalytic activity is stimulated by DNA breaks. The activation of PARP-1 and subsequent depletion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contributes to significant cytotoxicity in inflammation of various etiologies. On the contrary, induction of heat shock response and production of heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) is a cytoprotective defense mechanism in inflammation. Recent data suggests that PARP-1 modulates the expression of a number of cellular proteins at the transcriptional level. In this study, small interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated PARP-1 knockdown in murine wild-type fibroblasts augmented heat shock response as compared to untreated cells (as evaluated by quantitative analysis of HSP-70 mRNA and HSP-70 protein expression). These events were associated with increased DNA binding of the heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), the major transcription factor of the heat shock response. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments in nuclear extracts of the wild type cells demonstrated that PARP-1directly interacted with HSF-1. These data demonstrate that, in wild type fibroblasts, PARP-1 plays a pivotal role in modulating the heat shock response both through direct interaction with HSF-1 and poly (ADP-ribosylation)

Age, Multiple Chronic Conditions, and COVID-19: A literature review

BACKGROUND: Various patient demographic and clinical characteristics have been associated with poor outcomes for individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To describe the importance of age and chronic conditions in predicting COVID-19 related outcomes. METHODS: Search strategies were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE. Daily alerts were created. RESULTS: A total of 28 studies met our inclusion criteria. Studies varied broadly in sample size (n=21 to more than 17,000,000). Participants mean age ranged from 48 years to 80 years and the proportion of male participants ranged from 44%-82%. The most prevalent underlying conditions in patients with COVID-19 were hypertension (range: 15% - 69%), diabetes (8% - 40%), cardiovascular disease (4% - 61%), chronic pulmonary disease (1% - 33%), and chronic kidney disease (range 1% - 48%). These conditions were each associated with an increased in-hospital case fatality rate ranging from 1% to 56%. Overall, older adults have a substantially higher case fatality rate (CFR) as compared with younger individuals affected by COVID-19 (42% for those \u3c 65 vs 65% \u3e 65 years ). Only one study examined the association of chronic conditions and the risk of dying across different age groups; their findings suggested similar trends of increased risk in those \u3c 65 and those \u3e 65 years as compared to those without these conditions. CONCLUSIONS: There has been a traditional, single condition approach to consideration of how chronic conditions and advancing age relate to COVID-19 outcomes. A more complete picture of the impact of burden of multimorbidity and advancing patient age is needed

Beyond locutionary denotations: exploring trust between practitioners and policy

This study reports the findings of a research on the trust relationship between practitioners in the Skills for Life (SfL) area and the policy that informs their practice. The exploration of this relationship was premised on an extended notion of trust relationship which draws from the Speech Act theory of Austin (1962; Searle 1969; Kissine 2008), leading to the claim that the existence of different layers of imports in textual analysis makes it possible for a trust relationship to exist between the human/physical and the non human/non physical. The study found that the majority of practitioners in the SfL field trust policy to deliver its inherent policy only to a limited extent. Amongst others, the study identified the impact of the perlocutionary import of policy text on practitioners as a viable reason for this limited level of trust. Such perlocutionary imports, it also found, have adverse impact on practitioners who are considered to have drawn from previous experience to mediate the import of contemporary policies

Export mecanisms and fatty alcohols importance in Arabidopsis thaliana suberin

Chez les plantes, la subérine est un biopolymère constitué de composés aliphatiques etaromatiques déposés au niveau de la paroi des cellules de plusieurs tissus comme l’endodermeet le périderme des racines ou encore le manteau des graines. La subérine forme une barrièrehydrophobe permettant entre autres de contrôler les flux d’eau et de solutés, et de protéger laplante de stress environnementaux comme la sécheresse ou les pathogènes. Grâce à desanalyses en LC-MS/MS et en GC-MS, nous avons pu montrer que la majorité des alcools grasprésents dans la fraction soluble de racines d’Arabidopsis thaliana est sous forme d’alkylcaféates et d’alkyl coumarates. De plus, nous avons montré que ces cires associées aupolymère de subérine sont présentes dès les premiers stades du développement de la racine.Une étude de la distribution des chaînes acyles des racines nous a permis de mettre enévidence la contribution majeure des alcools gras dans la composition de la subérine ainsi quel’importance de la subérine dans le métabolisme lipidique des racines. Afin d’identifier desacteurs impliqués dans l’export des précurseurs de la subérine vers l’espace extracellulaire,nous avons mené une approche de génétique inverse en utilisant des lignées mutées pour desgènes codant notamment pour des ABCG transporteurs co-exprimés avec des gènes connuspour participer à la biosynthèse de la subérine. Les résultats de ces analyses ont confirmé quele processus d’export fait intervenir plusieurs protéines pouvant avoir des fonctionsredondantes et ont suggéré l’implication d’un nouveau transporteur dans l’export desprécurseurs de subérine.In plants, suberin is a complex biopolymer made of aliphatic and aromatic compounds.It is deposited in the cell wall of tissues such as the endoderm and the periderm of roots or thecoat of the seeds. Suberin forms a hydrophobic barrier controlling the flow of water andsolutes, and protecting the plant from environmental stresses such as drought or pathogens.Through LC-MS/MS and GC-MS analyses, we have shown that the majority of the fattyalcohols present in the soluble fraction of Arabidopsis roots is in the form of alkyl caffeatesand alkyl coumarates. Such waxes, most probably associated with the suberin polymer, arealready detected at early stages of root development. A study of the distribution of all acylchains present in roots allowed us to highlight the major contribution of fatty alcohols in thecomposition of suberin and the importance of suberin in the global lipid metabolism of theroots. To identify proteins involved in the export of suberin precursors to the extracellularspace, we conducted a reverse genetic approach using lines mutated in genes coding forseveral ABCG transporters which were co-expressed with genes known to participate in thebiosynthesis of suberin. The results of these analyses confirmed that the export processinvolves several proteins that can have redundant functions, and supported the involvement ofa new transporter in the export of the suberin precursors