Effects of forewing melanisation plasticity (‘plasticity’), melanin proportion (‘melanin’), sex, mating and rearing temperature on lifespan in <i>Pieris brassicae</i>: results of model averaging on linear mixed models with family as a random effect.

<p>Plasticity is estimated by the variance of forewing melanisation between temperatures (a) and the absolute slope of the thermal reaction norm (b). Females were taken as references for the calculation of coefficients. Significant variables (p<0.05) with a relative importance >0.60 are bolded. SE stands for the standard error.</p

Effects of forewing melanisation plasticity and female lifespan on fecundity.

<p>Here is presented the most parsimonious model. Plasticity is estimated by the variance of forewing melanisation between temperatures (a) and the absolute slope of the thermal reaction norm (b). We used a GLMM and applied a deviance analysis for model selection (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0090026#s2" target="_blank">Methods</a>). SE stands for the standard error.</p

Dorsal wings of female (a) and male (b) <i>Pieris brassicae</i>.

<p>The colouration of ventral wings is the same for both sexes; a female is shown here (c). Total black areas of dorsal and ventral forewings were measured.</p

Effect of forewing melanisation plasticity (i.e. within family variance in forewings melanisation between temperatures) on lifespan in females and males at a rearing temperature of 18, 22 and 26°C.

<p>SE stands for the standard error.</p

Model selection for ‘animal models’ of melanin variation to estimate forewing melanisation heritability.

<p>Model selection is based on deviance information criterion (DIC). Forewing melanisation heritability was estimated from the most parsimonious model in bold.</p><p><b>RT</b> is the rearing temperature.</p><p><b>MT</b> is the mother rearing temperature.</p><p><b>GMT</b> is the grand-mother rearing temperature.</p><p><b>FA</b> is the forewing area.</p

Effect of the interaction between wing melanisation plasticity (i.e. variance between environments) and rearing temperature on mean adult lifespan (± standard error) in females (a) and males (b).

<p>The continuous black line and closed circles correspond to 26°C, the continuous grey line and grey circles to 22°C and the dotted black line and open circles to 18°C.</p

joc sim sech mau mel

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