Rod Botrytis i vrsta Botrytis cinerea: Patogene, morfološke i epidemiološke karakteristike

Species of the genus Botrytis occur wherever their hosts are grown, ranging from cold areas of Alaska to warm and dry areas in Israel. They have a necrotrophic life style which is often associated with phenology of the host plant. The genus comprises 22 species, most of which have a narrow host range. Polifagous species Botritys cinerea, a causal agent of grey mould disease, is the most important and the most extensively studied representative of this genus. More than 350 papers related to all aspects of the research of this necrotrophic pathogen are published each year. In this paper up-to-date knowledge about pathogenic, morphological and epidemic characteristics of the genus Botrytis and, particularly, species B. cinerea are summarized. Symptoms caused by B. cinerea on various plant species and various plant parts are shown. Morphological and genetic variability of the species is described. The possible mechanisms of variability, as well as the attempts to divide the species into Group I (B. 'pseudocinerea') and Group II (B. cinerea 'sensu-stricto') are pointed out.Vrste roda Botrytis rasprostranjene su svuda gde se gaje ili su prisutne njihove biljke-domaćini - od hladnih zona Aljaske do toplih i suvih područja u Izraelu. Imaju nekrotrofni životni ciklus koji je najčešće tesno povezan sa fenologijom domaćina. Rod obuhvata 22 vrste od kojih većina ima uzak krug domaćina - parazitira biljke jednog roda ili jedne familije. Polifagna vrsta Botrytis cinerea, prouzrokovač sive truleži, najznačajniji je i najproučavaniji predstavnik ovog roda. Godišnje se objavi više od 350 radova koji se odnose na sve aspekte istraživanja ovog nekrotrofnog patogena. U ovom radu je dat pregled dosadašnjih saznanja o patogenim, morfološkim i epidemiološkim karakteristikama vrsta roda Botrytis, a posebno vrste B. cinerea. Detaljno su obrađeni simptomi oboljenja koje prouzrokuje B. cinerea na različitim biljnim vrstama i različitim delovima biljaka, morfološka i genetička varijabilnost vrste. Takođe, ukazano je i na moguće izvore varijabilnosti, kao i na pokušaje podele vrste na dve grupe - Grupu I (B. 'pseudocinerea') i Grupu II (B. cinerea 'sensu-stricto')

Grapevine phytoplasma diseases

Fitoplazmoze vinove loze su grupa vrlo raširenih štetnih oboljenja tipa žutila, čiji su prouzrokovači fitoplazme. Kod čokota obolelih od fitoplazmoza registrovane su kao najznačajnije sledeće patološke promene: žutilo/crvenilo lišća, uvelost, povijanje prema naličju i trouglast izgled liski, venjenje i sušenje cvasti i grozdova, smežuravanje i gorak ukus bobica, nezdrvenjavanje i gumoznost lastara i njihovo izmrzavanje zimi, kao i sušenje i prevremeno uginjavanje čokota. Ove promene, a posebno one koje se ispoljavaju na cvastima i grozdovima dovode do smanjenja prinosa grožđa i pogoršanja kvaliteta vina. Smanjenje prinosa po obolelom čokotu može iznositi i preko 97%. Čokoti vinove loze oboleli od fitoplazmi ostaju trajno zaraženi. Osnovne mere borbe protiv fitoplazmi vinove loze su preventivne mere

Uticaj klimatskih uslova na kontaminaciju zrna kukuruza sa aflatoksinom B1 i fumonizinima i njihova združena pojava

Agroecological and climatic conditions in Serbia greatly affected the development of toxigenic fungi and occurrence of mycotoxins in the maize. The presence of fungal toxigenic Aspergillus and Fusarium species and levels of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1) and sum of fumonisins B 1 , B 2 and B 3 (FBs) were established in 127 maize kernel samples harvested during 2012 (37 samples) and 2013 (90 samples). The periods of silking and grain filling of the maize in 2012 in comparison to 2013 were characterised with extremely dry spells, with high temperatures and low precipitation sums. The mean incidences of A. flavus and F. verticillioides were 50.4 and 11.7% in 2012 and 18.9 and 33.4% in 2013, respectively. According to the regulations of the World Health Organisation, unacceptable levels of AFB 1 (>20 μg kg-1) and FBs (>2000 μg kg-1) were established in the 30.6 and 24.1% samples of 2012 and 16.7 and 40% maize kernel samples of 2013, respectively. It can be concluded that high temperatures and low precipitation sums in 2012 favoured the development of A. flavus affecting the high level of AFB 1 , in comparison with F. verticillioides and the production of FBs. There was no positive correlation between the incidences of A. flavus and F. verticillioides, while a statistically significant positive correlation has been found between AFB 1 and FBs levels, in both investigated years (2012-2013). This indicates that the mycotoxin production depended more on weather conditions than on the distribution of corresponding toxigenic fungal species.Agroekološki i klimatski uslovi u Srbiji veoma su pogodni za razvoj toksigenih gljiva i njihovih mikotoksina u kukuruzu. Prisustvo toksigenih vrsta gljiva iz rodova Aspergillus i Fusarium, kao i nivoi aflatoksina B1 (AFB1) i ukupnih fumonizina B1, B2 i B3 (FBs) utvrđeni su u 127 uzoraka zrna kukuruza iz berbe tokom 2012 (37 uzoraka) i 2013. godine (90 uzoraka). U fenofazama svilanja i nalivanja zrna kukuruza u 2012. u odnosu na 2013. godinu zapaženi su ekstremno sušni periodi sa visokim temperaturama i niskim količinama padavina. Prosečne vrednosti za učestalost vrsta A. flavus i F. verticillioides bile su 50,4 i 11,7% u 2012., odnosno 18,9 i 33,4% u 2013. godini. Prema pravilniku Svetske zdravstvene organizacije (WHO) nedozvoljeni nivoi AFB1 (>20 µg/kg) i FBs (>2000 µg/kg) utvrđeni su u 30,6% i 24,1% uzoraka u 2012., odnosno u 16,7% i 40% uzoraka u 2013. godini. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata zaključeno je da su visoke temperature i niske količine padavina u 2012. godini uslovile značajno veću učestalost A. flavus i visoku produkciju AFB1 u poredjenju sa vrstom F. verticillioides i produkcijom FBs. U obe ispitivane godine (2012-2013), između učestalosti A. flavus i F. verticillioides nije ustanovljena pozitivna korelacija, dok je statistički značajna pozitivna korelacija ustanovljena između nivoa AFB1 i FBs. Ovo ukazuje da produkcija mikotoksina je više zavisna od vremenskih uslova u odnosu na distribuciju toksigenih vrsta gljiva

Fitoplazmoze vinove loze

Phytoplasmas of grapevine are a group of harmful pathogens known as a yellowing type . On the grapevine stems affected by phytoplasma the following pathological cahges are observed: yellowing/reddening of the leaves, wilting and triangle-shaped laminae rolling, drying of flowers and clusters, withering and bit-ter taste of berries, unlignificated and rubbery canes and their freezing during win-ter, as well as decline and death of vines. All of these symptoms, especially the ones affecting flower and grapes lead to a significant reduction in the grape yield and poor quality wine. The yield reduction per plant/vine can be as high as 97%. The plants affected by the phytoplasmas stay infeccted permanently. Any plant protection measures applied, need to be preventive.Fitoplazmoze vinove loze su grupa vrlo raširenih štetnih oboljenja tipa žutila, čiji su prouzrokovači fitoplazme. Kod čokota obolelih od fitoplazmoza registrovane su kao najznačajnije sledeće patološke promene: žutilo/crvenilo lišća, uvelost, povijanje prema naličju i trouglast izgled liski, venjenje i sušenje cvasti i grozdova, smežuravanje i gorak ukus bobica, nezdrvenjavanje i gumoznost lastara i njihovo izmrzavanje zimi, kao i sušenje i prevremeno uginjavanje čokota. Ove promene, a posebno one koje se ispoljavaju na cvastima i grozdovima dovode do smanjenja prinosa grožđa i pogoršanja kvaliteta vina. Smanjenje prinosa po obolelom čokotu može iznositi i preko 97%. Čokoti vinove loze oboleli od fitoplazmi ostaju trajno zaraženi. Osnovne mere borbe protiv fitoplazmi vinove loze su preventivne mere

Efikasnost bakar-citrata u zaštiti vinove loze od bolesti

The control of Plasmopara viticola and Botrytis cinerea, two of the most dangerous pathogens on grapevine, requires frequent treatments with chemicals based on weather conditions. Numerous applications of fungicides have resulted in developing fungicide resistance. Active ingredients based on copper have been used very successfully for a long time to protect grapevines against these pathogens. Application of a copper citrate formulation with high degree dissociation at a very low concentration (1%) was evaluated in field trials. The efficacy of two concentrations of copper citrate, 0.5 and 1.0%, were tested against P. viticola on grapevine in three locations, and against B. cinerea in two locations during 2018. Our results demonstrated that the concentration of 1.0% copper citrate was highly effective against P. viticola (87.4%) and B. cinerea (63.7%), compared to standard treatment (90.6 and 53.1%), under a high level of infection.Zaštita vinove loze od prouzrokovača plamenjače vinove loze - Plasmopara viticola i sive truleži - Botrytis cinerea, je vrlo kompleksna i zahteva primenu većeg broja hemijskih tretmana, u skladu sa vremenskim uslovima. Učestala primena fungicida uslovljavala je pojavu rezistentnih izolata patogena na fungicide. Različite forme bakarnih jedinjenja primenjuju se u zaštiti vinove loze dugi niz godina prilično uspešno. Primena bakar-citrata - formulacije sa visokim stepenom disocijacije u niskoj koncentraciji (1,0%) ispitivana je u poljskim uslovima. Efikasnost dve koncentracije bakar-citrata - 0.5 i 1.0% je testirana u suzbijanju P. viticola i B. cinerea na vinovoj lozi na tri (dva) lokaliteta, tokom 2018 godine. Naši rezultati pokazuju da je ispitivana koncentracija od 1,0% bakar-citrata ispoljila zadovoljavajući efekat na P. viticola (87,4%) i B. cinerea (63,7%) u odnosu na primenjene standarde (90,6% i 53,1%) u uslovima visokih zaraza

Identifikacija Eutypa lata, parazita vinove loze

The phytopathogenic fungus Eutypa lata (Pers.: Fr.) Tul. and C. Tul., the causing agent of eutypa dieback, has been increasingly often identified in recent times as a cause of grapevine disease. It was first discovered and identified in Australian vineyards (Carter, 1973), where it represented one of the most dangerous fungus pathogens of this plant. A few years later it was discovered in European vineyards as well. This polyfagous fungus, known originally as E. armeniaca (Honsf. & Carter), was first discovered on apricot, on which it caused the "gummosis disease". In Serbia, Eutypa lata has not been determined officially. However, bearing in mind the form of its spreading (anemochory), as well as the fact that our country is a major producer of grape and fruit, we need to pay special attention to this dangerous pathogen since there are indications that it is already present in our vineyards. During the period between 2003 and 2005, an inspection of a great number of vineyards in the areas of Vršac, Fruška Gora and Kruševac, was conducted. Many of them had grapevines with typical eutypa dieback symptoms. The aim of the inspection was to find grapevines with this disease, to mark them and take samples for laboratory analysis. Marking suspicious grapevines enabled us to monitor the volume of symptoms, as well as other changes on grapevines. Different colors were used for markings, according to the principle "same color - same year" The procedure revealed that the average period between early and mild disease symptoms and extreme changes, including withering of entire vines, was 2 to 3 years. The signs of eutypa dieback on diseased grapevines are manifested: on leaves in the form of chlorosis, twisting, necrosis of the edges, drying out and falling off; on shoots, where the shortening of internodia is noticeable, as well as color change and "zig-zag" distribution of internodes; on blossoms and clusters, where absence of flowering, partial bareness and irregular berry size are observed; and on trunks, where necrosis appears on the cross section in a typical "V" form. These studies also established that there is not a single grapevine plant with symptoms indicating eutypa dieback or a similar disease that is older than 8-10 years. The research results, based on examination and monitoring of disease development in the studied vineyards in previous years, indicate that the fungus Eutypa lata, the inducer of grapevine eutyposis, is most probably present in Serbia, and that our viticulture is facing yet another serious threat. In most European and other viticultural centers, highly specialized research teams are being organized to deal with the phenomenon of eutypa dieback, and its inducer Eutypa lata, which is more and more frequently classified as a top priority disease of wooden tissue, especially considering that the economic losses are very significant and occur in all vineyards, regardless of their location. Therefore, in order to prevent infection and fight the disease successfully, we need to take immediate measures of integral protection of grapevine without any delay.Među prouzrokovače bolesti vinove loze u novije vreme sve češće se ubraja i fitopatogena gljiva Eutypa lata (Pers.: Fr.) Tul. i C. Tul., uzročnik eutipoze. Prvi put je otkrivena i identifikovana u australijskom vinogorju (Carter, 1973), gde predstavlja jednu od najopasnijih mikoza ove biljke. Nekoliko godina kasnije otkrivena je i u vinogorjima Evrope. Ranije je ova polifagna gljiva, pošto je prvi put nađena na kajsiji, bila poznata pod imenom E. armeniaca (Honsf. & Carter), na kojoj prouzrokuje "gumoznu bolest". U Srbiji Eutypa lata još nije zvanično konstatovana. Međutim, imajući u vidu način njenog širenja (anemohorija), kao i činjenicu da je naša zemlja značajan proizvođač grožđa i voća, potrebno je obratiti naročitu pažnju na ovog opasnog patogena, jer ima indicija da je prisutan i u našim vinogorjima. U periodu 2003-2005. godine obavljen je pregled većeg broja vinograda u vršačkom, fruškogorskom i kruševačkom vinogorju. U mnogima od njih nađeni su čokoti sa tipičnim simptomima eutipoze. Cilj ovih ispitivanja bio je pronalaženje ovako obolelih čokota, njihovo obeležavanje, kao i uzimanje uzoraka za dalje laboratorijske analize. Obeležavanje sumnjivih čokota omogućilo nam je da pratimo jačinu izraženosti simptoma, kao i sve ostale promene tih čokota. Za obeležavanje su korišćene različite boje, a primenjen je princip: jedna boja - jedna godina. Ovim postupkom je ustanovljeno da od pojave početnih, blažih simptoma oboljenja, pa do pojave izuzetno izraženih promena, uključujući i izumiranje celih čokota, treba da prođe 2 do 3 godine. Znaci eutipoze na napadnutim čokotima manifestuju se na lišću u vidu hloroze, kovrdžanja, nekroze oboda, sušenja i opadanja listova, na lastarima se uočava skraćivanje internodija, promena boje, "cik-cak" raspored internodusa, na cvastima i grozdovima primetno je izostajanje cvetanja, rehuljavost i neujednačenost veličine bobica, dok se na drvetu javlja nekroza na poprečnom preseku u obliku slova V, tipičnom za ovu bolest. U ovim ispitivanjima je takođe utvrđeno da nema zasada vinove loze starijeg 8-10 godina a da se ne nađu čokoti sa ovakvim simptomima koji upućuju na eutipozu ili slično oboljenje. Rezultati istraživanja dobijeni na osnovu obavljenih pregleda i praćenja razvoja simptoma oboljenja proteklih godina u proučavanim vinogorjima, upućuju na zaključak da je gljiva Eutypa lata, prouzrokovač eutipoze vinove loze, najverovatnije prisutna u Srbiji, i da je naše vinogradarstvo suočeno sa još jednom ozbiljnom opasnošću. U većini evropskih i ostalih vinogradarskih centara organizovani su timovi visokospecijalizovanih stručnjaka koji se bave istraživanjem fenomena eutipoze i njenog prouzrokovača - Eutypa lata, jer se ona sve češće ubraja u najznačajnije bolesti drvenastog tkiva, posebno kada se uzme u obzir da su ekonomski gubici veoma značajni i da se javljaju u svim vinogradima bez obzira na njihovu lokaciju. Zbog toga, a u cilju sprečavanja zaraze, kao i uspešne borbe protiv ove bolesti, neophodno je, bez odlaganja, primeniti mere integralne zaštite vinove loze

Uticaj abiotskih činilaca na pojavu i razvoj biljnih bolesti

Factors of the environment where a host plant develops and grows permanently effect the beginning, development, course and, what is even more important in agricultural practice, intensity and harmfulness of a particular disease. The effects of environmental factors are of equal importance for both plant fungal and bacterial diseases but of less importance for diseases caused by phytopathogenic viruses. Although the effects are permanent, they vary in intensity due to changing environmental factors. Effects of abiotic factors, primarily of temperature and moisture, on plant diseases' intensity and development are crucial because, in most cases, if these factors are unfavorable, the disease does not develop at all despite the presence of a host plant and a pathogen. Abiotic factors affect concurrently a host plant and a causal agent. The effect on a causal agent is very important, because most pathogenic fungi do not live on a plant to the very moment of infection, therefore environmental factors have immediate effects on their development and survival. There is no universal rule about the effects of environmental factors on the occurrence and development of plant diseases, since each individual organism undergoes these effects differently.Faktori spoljne sredine u kojoj se biljka domaćin razvija i raste stalno utiču na početak, razvoj i tok i stoje za praksu od neobičnog značaja, intenzitet, a time i štetnost određene bolesti. Taj uticaj je podjednak za mikoze i bakterioze, a od manjeg značaja je kod bolesti izazvanih fitopatogenim virusima. On je neprestan, ali je, s obzirom da se faktori spoljne sredine menjaju, različitog intenziteta. Uticaj abiotskih činilaca, a pre svega temperature i vlage, na razvoj i intenzitet biljnih bolesti je veoma bitan, tako da se u najvećem broju slučajeva, ako su oni nepovoljni, bolest uopšte ne razvija, iako su prisutni i biljka domaćin i sam patogeni organizam. Abiotski činioci ne utiču samo na biljku domaćina, nego istovremeno i na uzročnika bolesti. Taj uticaj na uzročnika bolesti je vrlo bitan, pošto se većina patogenih gljiva nalazi, sve do trenutka infekcije izvan biljke, tako da faktori spoljne sredine direktno utiču na njihov razvoj i održanje. Pošto je taj uticaj na svaki pojedini organizam različit, ne postoji opšte pravilo o uticaju faktora spoljne sredine na pojavu i razvoj biljnih bolesti.

Otpornost biljaka prema biljnim bolestima

Plants are continuously exposed to the attack of several thousand of different strains of fungi, bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms. A plant can be attacked by thousands, hundreds and in the case of leaf spot in woody plants, even by hundreds of thousands of a single pathogen individuals. However, despite being infected, many plants manage to survive and produce relatively high yields (Agrios, 1997). This means that they are not only a passive subject of continuous microbial attack but also interact with them, which involves a broad spectrum of defense mechanisms (Jackson and Taylor, 1996; Osborne, 1996). To prevent attack of a pathogen, plants defend themselves by a combination of structure elements, which is a physical barrier to entry and spread of a pathogen (passive defense), and of biochemical reactions taking place in plant cells and tissues after the attack, when the compounds produced become either toxic to a pathogen or the conditions created inhibit its development in a plant (actively induced defense) (Agrios, 1997). A disease develops after a pathogen escapes plant passive defense and timely activation of induced defense in an attacked tissue, or overcomes induced defense by the secretion of toxins and enzymes (Alfano and Collmer, 1996; Jackson and Taylor, 1996). The characteristics of both host plant and parasite are determined by their genetic structure i.e. their DNA that is functionally organized through numerous genes. Many plants possess larger or smaller resistance whereby they tend to prevent or slow down the entry and spread of a disease causal agent. The degree of resistance or susceptibility of a host plant varies and the pathogen exhibits different degrees of virulence too. Therefore, the outcome of any disease attack is different. .Biljke su izložene konstantnom napadu nekoliko hiljada različitih vrsta gljiva, bakterija, virusa i dragih mikroorganizama. Jednu biljku mogu da napadnu stotine, hiljade, a u slučaju lisne pegavosti drvenastih biljaka i stotine hiljada individua jednog patogena. Međutim, i pored ostvarene infekcije, mnoge parazitirane biljke uspevaju da prežive i ostvare prihvatljiv prinos (Agrios, 1997). To znači da one nisu samo pasivni predmet stalnog napada mikroorganizama, nego su sa njima u interakciji koja obuhvata i spektar odbrambenih mehanizama (Jackson and Taylor, 1996; Osborne, 1996). Od napada patogena biljke se brane kombinacijom strukturnih elemenata, koji predstavljaju fizičku barijeru za prodor i širenje patogena (pasivna odbrana) i biohemijskih reakcija koje se odigravaju u biljnim ćelijama i tkivima posle napada, pri čemu nastaju jedinjenja koja su ili toksična za patogena, ili stvaraju uslove koje inhibiraju njegov razvoj u biljci (aktivna indukovana odbrana) (Agrios, 1997). Do bolesti dolazi kada patogen zaobiđe pasivnu odbranu biljke i blagovremeno izbegne aktiviranje indukovane odbrane u napadnutom tkivu ili lučenjem toksina i enzima savlada indukovanu odbranu (Alfano and Collmer, 1996; Jackson and Taylor, 1996). Svojstva i biljke - domaćina i parazita su određene njhovim genetičkim materijalom, tj. njihovim DNA koja je funkcionalno organizovana kroz brojne gene. Mnoge biljke imaju veću ili manju otpornost kojom nastoje da zaustave ili uspore prodor i širenje prouzrokovača bolesti. Stepen otpornosti ili osetljivosti biljke domaćina je različit, a i patogen pokazuje različit stepen virulentnosti. Zbog toga je ishod svakog oboljenja različit

Botrytis squamosa - prouzrokovač lisne pegavosti luka u Bosni i Herzegovini

Over the past several decades, necrotic spots, lesions and blight symptoms have been observed on onion leaves in several locations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the crop is grown intensively. The type of symptoms indicated a possible infection with Botrytis squamosa, a widespread pathogen of onion. As symptoms of leaf spots and necrotic lesions can also be caused by some other biotic and abiotic factors, our research focused on identifying the causal agent of the observed symptoms. The pathogen was isolated from diseased tissue using standard phytopathological procedure and identified based on pathogenic and morphological features. Identification was confirmed by amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The influence of temperature and growth medium on mycelial growth rate of the isolates was also studied.U poslednjih nekoliko godina, na nekoliko lokaliteta u području intenzivne proizvodnje crnog luka u Bosni i Hercegovini uočena je pojava nekrotičnih pega i sušenja lišća. Simptomi oboljenja ukazali su na moguće prisustvo široko rasprostranjenog patogena luka, vrste Botrytis squamosa. S obzirom da pegavost i nekrotične lezije na listu luka mogu biti prouzrokovane različitim biotičkim i abiotičkim faktorima, cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se precizno identifikuje prouzrokovač oboljenja. Patogen je izolovan primenom standardnih fitopatoloških metoda i identifikovan na osnovu proučenih patogenih i morfoloških karakteristika dobijenih izolata. Identifikacija je potvrđena amplifikacijom i sekvenciranjem ITS rDNA genomnog regiona. Takođe, proučen je uticaj temperature i hranljive podloge na porast izolata

Uzročnici sušenja i propadanja trešnje

In all areas of our country it was seen the appearance of decay of cherry tree plantations because of premature dying of trees. Disease is of complex nature, and as causers in literature are quoted different parasites, of which the most attention is payed to fungus Monilinia laxa and verticilium albo-atrum and to bacteria Pseudomonas syringea pv. syringea and Pseudomonas syringea pv. morsptunorum. Although it is about different parasites symptoms which are appeared on cherry are very similar (dying of flowers, leaves, tree and branches cancer and at the end fruit tree dying). In the aim of undertaken the concrete measures of cherry tree dying causers it is necessary to know the etymology of disease. Knowledge of the cycle of parasite development enable to reveal this stages in the development when it is the most susceptible to application of certain measures of protection. Because of this reason in this work are in detail described changes to which bring this mentioned parasites, as well as their cycle of development, timely intervention by the most effective means would contribute to the control of dying causers, and by itself to the increase of cherry production, as well as very esteemed and wanted fruit on a our market. .U svim područjima naše zemlje zapažena je pojava propadanja zasada trešanja usled prevremenog sušenja stabala. Oboljenje je kompleksne prirode, a kao prouzrokovači u literaturi se navode razni paraziti, od kojih se najviše pažnje poklanja gljivama Monilinia laxa i Verticilium albo-atrum i bakterijama Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae i Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum. Iako se radi o različitim parazitima simptomi koji se javljaju na trešnji su veoma slični (sušenje cvetova, listova, rak-rane na stablu i granama i na kraju sušenje voćke). U cilju preduzimanja konkretnih mera suzbijanja uzročnika sušenja trešnje neophodno je poznavati etiologiju bolesti. Poznavanje ciklusa razvića parazita omogućava da otkrijemo one faze u razvoju kada je najosetljiviji na primenu određenih mera zaštite. Iz tog razloga u ovom radu su detaljno opisane promene do kojih dovode pomenuti paraziti, kao i njihov ciklus razvića. Pravovremena intervencija najefikasnijim sredstvima doprinela bi suzbijanju uzročnika sušenja, a samim tim povećanju proizvodnje trešanja, kao veoma cenjenog i traženog voća na našem tržištu.