European stone fruit Yellows phytoplasma in Japanese plum and Myrobalan plum in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Stone fruits from commercial as well as abandoned orchards were evaluated for European Stone Fruit Yellows phytoplasma (ESFY) presence during 2004-2007 years. Orchards were monitored in western and southern districts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the first survey conducted in period of 2004 till 2005 the causal agent of ESFY was identified on peach (Prunus persica) and apricot (Prunus armeniaca) plants in both surveyed districts. During 2007, a new survey was performed and samples were taken from symptomatic and symptomless plants of European plum (Prunus domestica), Japanese plum (Prunus salicina), Myrobalan plum (Prunus cerasifera) and cherry (Prunus avium). Samples were analyzed using real-time PCR and nested PCR approaches. In this extended survey, the presence of ESFY phytoplasma was additionally identified in Japanese plum and myrobalan plum trees.Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina, myrobalan plum, Japanese plum, phytoplasma, ESFY, PC

Parameters in the estimation of the most suitable F2population size in conventional maize (Zea mays L.) breeding programs

The objective of the present study was to observe differences among four sizes of the F2 populations (100, 200, 300 and 500 plants) on the basis of test-crosses for grain yield according to the average values of the populations, genetic and phenotypic variances, genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variations and broad-sense heritability. The values of genetic variance did not significantly differ over population sizes according to all possible comparisons, including the comparison of values obtained for the phenotypic variance. Furthermore, the values of broadsense heritability (67.8%-69%) did not significantly vary over different F2 population sizes. Genetic variability of the observed progenies, as a principal prerequisite of successful selection, was at the satisfactory level in all population sizes

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid influences the content of stearinic acid in porcine adipose tissue

The present study was conducted in order to determine the effects of supplementation of a growing-finishing pig diet with 0.5% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on production characteristics and slaughter traits. Ninety-seven female Swedish Landrace pigs were used. The control group of animals was fed a regular diet (n = 49), while the experimental group of animals (n = 48) received a diet where part of the soybean oil was substituted with commercially enriched CLA oil (containing at least 56% of CLA isomers, 28% cis-9, trans-11 and 28% trans-10, cis-12). The experiment lasted 44 days; porkers were fed from an initial weight of 66.0 up until a final weight of 103.5 kg. Feed conversion ratio, carcass and ham weight, percentage of lean meat and subcutaneous fat tissue as well as intramuscular fat were recorded. The fatty acid content of ham intramuscular fat tissue was determined by HPLC. No statistically significant influence of CLA was observed, either on carcass and ham weight, or on fat percentage in subcutaneous and intramuscular tissue. Dietary CLA enrichment proved to increase the content of stearinic acid in intramuscular fat tissue, 17.29 13.26 % in experimental and 15.87 33.71 % in control group of pigs (P < 0.01). The obtained production results show no statistically significant changes in main production traits between the two groups of animals. The observed difference in the content of stearinic acid (P < 0.01) implies firmer fat tissue, which has a practical value in pig bacon fattening

Influence of Smoking on the Stomatognathic System in Women With Diabetes

Šećerna je bolest metabolička bolest koja nastaje kao posljedica poremećaja u stvaranju i lučenju inzulina ili njegovu djelovanju. Kod tako oslabljena organizma pušenje duhana vjerojatno više oštećuje stomatognati sustav nego u zdravih osoba. Žene s potvrđenom dijagnozom šećerne bolesti (N = 90) podijeljene su u dvije skupine: žene fertilne dobi (N = 51) te žene u menopauzi i postmenopauzi (N = 39). Sve su žene ispunile anketni list s općim podatcima i pitanjem o pušenju. Izvršen je klinički pregled s pomoću stomatološkoga zrcala i parodontne sonde. Vrjednovan je klinički nalaz zubnoga statusa, gingive i parodonta (indeks krvarećeg sulkusa i dubina parodontnih džepova) te stanje oralne sluznice. Pušenje nije statistički znatno utjecalo na zubni status ni u fertilnih žena ni u žena u menopauzi i postmenopauzi. (p > 0,05). Klinički nalaz gingive i parodonta statistički se znatno razlikovao samo u žena u menopauzi i postmenopauzi (*p 0,05). Klinički nalaz oralne sluznice analiziran je samo u dobnoj skupini menopauza i postmenopauza. Razlika je bila statistički znatna (*p < 0,05). U skupini fertilnih žena raščlamba nije izvršena zbog premalog broja podataka. Oslabljeni imunološki sustav zbog zajedničkoga djelovanja šećerne bolesti, pušenja i nedostatka ženskih spolnih hormona (u menopauzi i postmenopauzi) znatno oštećuje oralnu sluznicu, gingivu i parodont. Vjerojatni razlog tomu je njihova čvrsta povezanost osobito hematogenim putem s ostalim dijelovima organizma. Pušenje nije znatno utjecalo na tvrda zubna tkiva vjerojatno zbog njihove anorganske naravi i kompaktnosti građe.The aim of the study was to check the influence of smoking on the stomatognathic system in women with diabetes. Diabetes is metabolic disease that occurs as a result of disorders in creation or secretion of insulin, or its effect. On a weakened organism smoking will probably do more harm on the stomatognathic system then on a healthy one. Women with confirmed diagnosis of diabetes (N = 90) were divided into 2 groups: fertile women (N = 51) and women in the menopause and postmenopause (N = 39). All women completed the given paper forms on general data and their smoking habits. A clinical examination was performed using a stomatological mirror and parodontal probe. Clinical findings of the dental status, gingiva, parodontal tissue (bleeding sulcus index and depth of parodontal pockets) and the status of oral muscosa were evalued. Smoking did not show statistically significant influence on the dental status either on fertile women or on women in the menopause and postmenopause (p > 0.05). Clinical findings of the gingiva and parodontal tissue showed statistically significant difference in women in the menopause and postmenopause (*p 0.05). Clinical findings of oral muscosa were only analyzed in the age group of menopausal and postmenopausal women. The difference was statistically significant (*p < 0.05). In the group of fertile women analysis was not performed due to the small number of specimens. Weakened immunological system due to the synergistic influence of diabetes, smoking and the lack of feminine sex hormones (in the menopause and postmenopause) significantly damages oral muscosa, gingiva and parodontal tissue. The probable explanation was their firm correlation especially throughtout the blood circulation with the other parts of the organism. Smoking did not significantly influence the hard dental tissue, probably because of its inorganic origin and compact structure

Analiza primenjenih biosigurnosnih mera u proizvodnji sperme nerastova

This paper gives a detailed analysis of the applied biosecurity measures in the production of boar sperm at a swine reproduction center. Biosecurity indicators (existence of a written biosecurity plan, isolation, introduction of newly acquired animals into the herd, herd health, assessment of the personnel attitude towards equipment, traffic control, attitude towards visitors, feeding and watering control, manure management, disposal of dead animal carcasses, attitude towards other animals, rodents and birds control, sanitation) were viewed and evaluated by rating scale: (5) - excellent, (4) - very good, (3) - good, (2) - sufficient, (1) - insufficient, there are resources for improvement (0) - insufficient, with no resources for improvement. Obtained data were analyzed in the SWOT process, taking into account all the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities for improving the biosecurity level. The situation in the center is rated as very good, with an average rating of 4.15. However, one disadvantage is serious and related to the boar facilities isolation possibilities, taking into account their location and the presence of two types of male breeding animals (boars and bulls) in the same location. Newly acquired breeding animals are purchased from various sources, but with a rigorous regime of control and not at the same time.U radu je detaljno analizirana primena biosigurnosnih mera u proizvodnji sperme nerastova u jednom centru za veštačko osemenjavanje svinja. Sagledani su i procenjeni svi indikatori biosigurnosti (postojanje pisanog plana biosigurnosti, izolacija, uvođenje novonabavljenih životinja u zapat, zdravstveni status zapata, ocena odnosa osoblja prema opremi, kontrola kretanja i prometa, odnos prema posetiocima, kontrola ishrane i vodosnabdevanja, izđubravanje, uklanjanje leševa uginulih životinja, odnos prema drugim životinjama na farmi, kontrola populacija glodara i ptica, sanitacija), i ocenjeni prema skali ocena: (5) - odličan, (4) - vrlo dobar, (3) - dobar, (2) - dovoljan, (1) - nedovoljan, ima resursa za poboljšanje, (0) nedovoljan, nema resursa za poboljšanje. U razmatranju rezultata primenjena je SWOT analiza i utvrđene prednosti, nedostaci, rizici i mogućnosti za podizanje nivoa biosigurnosti. Stanje u centru je ocenjeno kao vrlo dobro, uz prosečnu ocenu 4,15. Međutim, jedan nedostatak je veoma ozbiljan i odnosi se na mogućnost izolacije objekata, uzimajući u obzir njegovu lokaciju i prisustvo dve vrste muških priplodnih životinja (nerastova i bikova) na istoj lokaciji. Nove priplodne životinje se nabavljaju iz različitih izvora, ali uz rigorozan režim kontrole i ne u isto vreme. Svakako, izmeštanje objekata za držanje priplodnih nerastova na drugu bezbednu lokaciju predstavlja složen ali prioritetan zadatak, kojim bi se otklonile brojne pretnje po proizvodnju sperme

Research correlation vegetation index of corn with speed of movement sensor and elevation of field

This paper presents field scouting of corn in order to determine the content of nitrogen in the green parts of the plants. The aim was to measure the vegetative index using two optical sensors by OptRx AGL Technology. The sensors are positioned at a distance of 3.5 m, individually observing five rows of corn. The speed of movement of the tractor and also elevation of field are varied. The measured vegetative index of the plants is correlated, in first, with the speed of the sensor on the platform. The measured vegetative index of the plants is correlated after that with elevation also. Both of that case are shown that the Normalised Difference Red Edge (NDRE) as represent of vegetative index is not correlated with speed and elevation. This Results represented with Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Spearman's Correlation Coefficient are statistical signatifical. This conclusions are valid only for short rang of speed and elevation research. Average speed was 6,39 km/hr and rang of elevation was 1.6 m (106.8-108.4 m)

Varijabilnost i povezanost osnovnih parametara kvaliteta sirovog kravljeg mleka

In this paper the results of the analysis of the milk somatic cell count are presented, as well as correlation between the somatic cell count and content of certain chemical parameters in milk (milk proteins, fat, lactose and dry matter without fat) determined in collective samples of milk obtained from cows reared in intensive rearing system, during two production years. The research was carried out by control of collective milk samples from cows reared on family holdings. Somatic cell count, as well as the chemical quality of milk, were controlled daily in the laboratory for raw milk in dairy plant AD 'Mlekara' - Subotica using the apparatus CombiFoss 6200 FC. In this investigation, statistically significant correlation (P lt 0,001) between all observed milk parameters was determined. Positive, weak and statistically highly significant correlation between the content of milk fat and proteins in milk and somatic cell count was established. It was also established that the variability of chemical parameters of milk and somatic cell count is also under the influence of different factors, such as: month of control, year of the research and farm.U radu prikazani su godišnji rezultati ispitivanja broja somatskih ćelija u mleku, mlečne masti, proteina, laktoze i suve materije bez masti, u zbirnim uzorcima mleka krava u intenzivnoj proizvodnji u toku dve proizvodne godine. Ispitivanja su izvršena kontrolom zbirnih uzoraka mleka od približno 3000 krava sa porodičnih farmi. Prosečni broj somatskih ćelija je bio 462x103 u 1 ml zbirnog mleka (uz variranje od 410,43 do 536,06 x 103 u 1 ml), prosečni sadržaj proteina je bio 3,21%, mlečne masti 3,76%, laktoze 4,54% i suve materije bez masti 8,46%. Utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike u broju somatskih ćelija utvrđenih na zbirnom uzorku mleka u odnosu na mesec kontrole. U ovom radu je utvrđena pozitivna i statistički signifikantna korelacija (P lt 0,001) između sadržaja mlečne masti i proteina u mleku i broja somatskih ćelija, i negativna i statistički signifikantna (P lt 0,001) korelacija između broja somatskih ćelija i sadržaja laktoze i suve materije bez masti u zbirnom uzorku mleka. Utvrđivanje odn. merenj broja somatskih ćelija u zbrinom mleku je ključni faktor u oceni kvaliteta mleka zapata, i koristi se i u određivanju cene otkupljenog mleka, i ukazuje na zdravlje vimena mlečnih grla u zapatu i omogućava farmi da prati uspeh programa za kotnrolu mastitisa u zapatu

Izvori varijabilnosti osobina porasta i telesne razvijenosti bikova Simentalske rase u performans testu

To test the variability of traits of Simmental bulls in performance test, data of the Livestock - Veterinary Centres for Reproduction and Artificial Insemination of Velika Plana and Krnjača were used. In the analysis, data on 113 performance tested bulls born from 2008 to 2009 were used. The analysis included two sets of characteristics: body development traits and growth traits. The average body mass of calves entering the test was 195.75 kg, while the body mass at the end of the test was 476.50 kg, average daily gain in the test was 1138.69 g. Average values of body development traits measured at the end of the test, with 12 months of age were: height at withers 127.13 cm, chest circumference 179.42 cm, the chest depth 61.19 cm and body length 151.34 cm. The influence of their sires, the year and the Centre on the variability of traits was studied. The effect of age is present at a high level of statistical significance (p lt 0.01) for all traits that are registered at the end of the test, while the effect of the Centre was present in the variability of body mass at the end of the test, the daily gain in the test and the length of the body. The bulls-sires' influence was demonstrated (p lt 0.05) on the variability in body mass of calves entering the test.Za ispitivanje varijabilnosti osobina simentalskih bikova u performans testu iskorišćeni su podaci stočarsko-veterinarskog centra za reprodukciju i veštačko osemenjavanje iz Velike Plane i Krnjače. Za analizu su upotrebljeni podaci o 113 performans testiranih bikova rođenih u periodu od 2008 do 2009 godine. Analizom su obuhvaćene dve grupe osobina: osobine telesne razvijenosti i osobine porasta. Prosečna telesna masa sa kojom su telad ulazila u test iznosila je 195,75 kg, dok je telesna masa na kraju testa 476,50 kg, prosečan dnevni prirast u testu iznosio je 1138,69 g. Prosečne vrednosti osobina telesne razvijenosti merenim na kraju testa, sa 12 meseci uzrasta iznosile su: visina grebena 127.13 cm, obim grudi 179.42 cm, dubina grudi 61.19 cm i dužina trupa 151.34 cm. Analizirani su uticaj očeva, godine i centra na varijabilnost osobina. Efekat godine je prisutan na visokom nivou statističke značajnosti (p lt 0,01) za sve osobine koje se registruju na kraju testa, dok je efekat centra prisutan u varijabilnosti telesne mase na kraju testa, dnevnog prirasta u testu i dužini tela. Bikovi-očevi su ispoljili uticaj (p lt 0,05) na varijabilnost telesne mase sa kojom su telad ulazila u test

PCR/RFLP-based method for molecular characterization of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’ strains using the aceF gene.

New molecular typing tools for phytoplasmas belonging to the 16SrX phytoplasma group have recently been developed based on the non-ribosomal genes aceF, pnp, imp, and SecY. In the present work we chose to perform a PCR-RFLP method based on the aceF gene. This genetic marker had previously shown high variability among strains of the 16SrX group, moreover, it had allowed for the differentiation of French hypovirulent ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’ strains from virulent ones.Most of the stone fruit samples were collected in north-east Italy, although a few samples from Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Turkey were also included in the work to explore variability. French hypovirulent and virulent strains, one Azerbaijan strain and ‘Ca. P. prunorum’ strains maintained in periwinkles were used as reference strains. Some of the Italian samples were not collected in the field and they became infected by Cacopsylla pruni under controlled conditions.Sequencing of the aceF gene was performed on some of the samples tested and based on the alignment, a few restriction enzymes were selected for ‘Ca. P. prunorum’ strain differentiation. Nested PCR was performed using previously developed primers on all samples and RFLP analyses were carried out with BpiI, HaeIII and Tsp509I enzymes. BpiI and HaeIII enzymes generated two different profiles, one profile was undigested and the second one constituted by two different fragments. The Tsp509I enzyme enabled three different pattern types to be distinguished. Combining the results obtained with the three restriction enzymes, it was possible to distinguish between the ‘Ca. P. prunorum’ strains investigated in this study: 6 different RFLP subgroups AceF-A, -B, -C, -D, -E and –F. We confirmed that strains belonging to 4 subgroups, AceF-A, -B, -C and -E were present in north-east Italy, where a large number of the samples were processed. The strains of AceF-A and -E subgroups were the predominant ones (21.6% and 17.0%, respectively) and mixed infections of AceF-A+E subgroups (17.0%), and AceF-B+E (14.8%) subgroups were quite common. Keywords: phytoplasma, European stone fruit yellows, molecular differentiation, sequencin

Methods for determining stress syndrome in beef cattle and its relevance to quality of meat

Methods for determining stress syndrome in beef cattle is of great importance to identify the physiological state of young cattle before slaughter in order for such animals to be properly treated and restored to a normal physiological state. As a consequence of the state of stress prior to slaughter, meat is obtained which is different from normal. These are non-typical post-mortem changes in meat: 'PSE' (pale, soft, exudative) and 'DFD' (dark, firm, dry) meat, 'watery' meat, usually pork, and 'dark' mostly meat of young bulls. Tests were performed on bulls originating from a farm located 50 km from the slaughterhouse and another farm located 150 km from the slaughterhouse. Young bulls were kept in a free system and loading and unloading was done on unloading ramps and animals taken to the boxes using the lane corridor. Also, attention was paid to avoid mixing with unfamiliar animals during transport. The study included 20 males. The same vehicle was used to transport cattle from the farm to the slaughterhouse. The rectal temperature was taken from 20 young bulls, at the time of loading of cattle into a vehicle during transport and immediately before slaughter. The results of measurements of rectal temperature of investigated bulls suggest that prolonging of transport increases the rectal temperature which can serve as an indicator of stress syndrome in bulls. In addition to measuring of rectal temperature as an indicator of bulls' stress syndrome, other methods are still used, such as the measurement of cortisol in saliva and blood, or the latest methods of measuring cortisol in hair. This is the latest method of the 21st century, which can even determine the time of occurrence of stress. This method is the future that will determine whether the stress occurred few days, weeks or even months ago