Oil and gas

Nafta i plin poznati su kao fosilna goriva. Nastali su od organske tvari (mikroskopskih planktona, kopnenog bilja) koja se taložila na dnu oceana, dubokih jezera i obalnih područja. Ta organska materija sakupljala se u sedimentima, te je pod utjecajem visokog tlaka i temperature pretvorena u ugljikohidrate, koji su migrirali kroz pore i pukotine matičnih stijena. Međutim, ukoliko bi dospjeli u zamku, nastaju ležišta ili akumulacije.U takvim rezervoarima lakši plin popuni pore stijene iznad nafte. Prerada nafte i plina vrši se u rafinerijama, kako bi se preveli u korisne produkte koje svakodnevno koristimo. Važno je, međutim, i napomenuti negativan utjecaj nafte i plina na okoliš. Naime, prilikom prerade i korištenja tih sirovina ispuštaju se velike količine ugljikovog-dioksida (staklenički plin) u atmosferu. Osim toga, jedna od velikih katastrofa vezanih uz naftu jeste njeno izlijevanje u mora, prilikom čega dolazi do uništavanja cijelog ekosistema, a ponovno uspostavljanje ravnoteže zahtijeva mnogo vremena. Treba naglasiti i to da su zalihe nafte i plina sve manje, područja koja su bogata naftom sve su rjeđa, a to je dakako i jedan od velikih uzroka svjetskih sukoba. Trebali bismo početi više aktivno razmišljati o drugim izvorima energije poput energije Sunca, vjetra, vode, bioenergije.Oil and gas are known as fossil fuels. Oil is the residue of organic waste (primarily microscopic plankton floating in seas, and also land plants) that accumulated at the bottom of oceans, lakes, and coastal areas. Over millions of years, this organic matter was collected beneath successive levels of sediments. Pressure and underground heat "cooked" the organic matter, converting it into hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas). The droplets of oil liquid migrated through small pores and fractures in the rocks until they were trapped in permeable rocks. In such a reservoir, the lightest gas fills the pores of the reservoir rock as a "gas cap" above the oil. All crude is processed in a refinery to turn it into useful products like gasoline, jet fuel, home heating oil, and industrial fuel oil. It’s also important to mention what influence does oil have on natural environment. Processing and using oil and gas has negative influence on nature, because of the carbon-dioxide that ends up in atmosphere. Also, big ecological catastrophes happen when oil leaks from tankers into oceans and seas. Plants and animals, living in the area struck by the disaster, vanish for good, and it takes a very long time for that biological eco-system to recondition. Oil and gas are used as source of energy, but the supply of those sources is getting fewer. In the future, we should try to use other sources of energy, such as energy of Sun, water, wind, bio energy

Oil and gas

Nafta i plin poznati su kao fosilna goriva. Nastali su od organske tvari (mikroskopskih planktona, kopnenog bilja) koja se taložila na dnu oceana, dubokih jezera i obalnih područja. Ta organska materija sakupljala se u sedimentima, te je pod utjecajem visokog tlaka i temperature pretvorena u ugljikohidrate, koji su migrirali kroz pore i pukotine matičnih stijena. Međutim, ukoliko bi dospjeli u zamku, nastaju ležišta ili akumulacije.U takvim rezervoarima lakši plin popuni pore stijene iznad nafte. Prerada nafte i plina vrši se u rafinerijama, kako bi se preveli u korisne produkte koje svakodnevno koristimo. Važno je, međutim, i napomenuti negativan utjecaj nafte i plina na okoliš. Naime, prilikom prerade i korištenja tih sirovina ispuštaju se velike količine ugljikovog-dioksida (staklenički plin) u atmosferu. Osim toga, jedna od velikih katastrofa vezanih uz naftu jeste njeno izlijevanje u mora, prilikom čega dolazi do uništavanja cijelog ekosistema, a ponovno uspostavljanje ravnoteže zahtijeva mnogo vremena. Treba naglasiti i to da su zalihe nafte i plina sve manje, područja koja su bogata naftom sve su rjeđa, a to je dakako i jedan od velikih uzroka svjetskih sukoba. Trebali bismo početi više aktivno razmišljati o drugim izvorima energije poput energije Sunca, vjetra, vode, bioenergije.Oil and gas are known as fossil fuels. Oil is the residue of organic waste (primarily microscopic plankton floating in seas, and also land plants) that accumulated at the bottom of oceans, lakes, and coastal areas. Over millions of years, this organic matter was collected beneath successive levels of sediments. Pressure and underground heat "cooked" the organic matter, converting it into hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas). The droplets of oil liquid migrated through small pores and fractures in the rocks until they were trapped in permeable rocks. In such a reservoir, the lightest gas fills the pores of the reservoir rock as a "gas cap" above the oil. All crude is processed in a refinery to turn it into useful products like gasoline, jet fuel, home heating oil, and industrial fuel oil. It’s also important to mention what influence does oil have on natural environment. Processing and using oil and gas has negative influence on nature, because of the carbon-dioxide that ends up in atmosphere. Also, big ecological catastrophes happen when oil leaks from tankers into oceans and seas. Plants and animals, living in the area struck by the disaster, vanish for good, and it takes a very long time for that biological eco-system to recondition. Oil and gas are used as source of energy, but the supply of those sources is getting fewer. In the future, we should try to use other sources of energy, such as energy of Sun, water, wind, bio energy

Oil and gas

Nafta i plin poznati su kao fosilna goriva. Nastali su od organske tvari (mikroskopskih planktona, kopnenog bilja) koja se taložila na dnu oceana, dubokih jezera i obalnih područja. Ta organska materija sakupljala se u sedimentima, te je pod utjecajem visokog tlaka i temperature pretvorena u ugljikohidrate, koji su migrirali kroz pore i pukotine matičnih stijena. Međutim, ukoliko bi dospjeli u zamku, nastaju ležišta ili akumulacije.U takvim rezervoarima lakši plin popuni pore stijene iznad nafte. Prerada nafte i plina vrši se u rafinerijama, kako bi se preveli u korisne produkte koje svakodnevno koristimo. Važno je, međutim, i napomenuti negativan utjecaj nafte i plina na okoliš. Naime, prilikom prerade i korištenja tih sirovina ispuštaju se velike količine ugljikovog-dioksida (staklenički plin) u atmosferu. Osim toga, jedna od velikih katastrofa vezanih uz naftu jeste njeno izlijevanje u mora, prilikom čega dolazi do uništavanja cijelog ekosistema, a ponovno uspostavljanje ravnoteže zahtijeva mnogo vremena. Treba naglasiti i to da su zalihe nafte i plina sve manje, područja koja su bogata naftom sve su rjeđa, a to je dakako i jedan od velikih uzroka svjetskih sukoba. Trebali bismo početi više aktivno razmišljati o drugim izvorima energije poput energije Sunca, vjetra, vode, bioenergije.Oil and gas are known as fossil fuels. Oil is the residue of organic waste (primarily microscopic plankton floating in seas, and also land plants) that accumulated at the bottom of oceans, lakes, and coastal areas. Over millions of years, this organic matter was collected beneath successive levels of sediments. Pressure and underground heat "cooked" the organic matter, converting it into hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas). The droplets of oil liquid migrated through small pores and fractures in the rocks until they were trapped in permeable rocks. In such a reservoir, the lightest gas fills the pores of the reservoir rock as a "gas cap" above the oil. All crude is processed in a refinery to turn it into useful products like gasoline, jet fuel, home heating oil, and industrial fuel oil. It’s also important to mention what influence does oil have on natural environment. Processing and using oil and gas has negative influence on nature, because of the carbon-dioxide that ends up in atmosphere. Also, big ecological catastrophes happen when oil leaks from tankers into oceans and seas. Plants and animals, living in the area struck by the disaster, vanish for good, and it takes a very long time for that biological eco-system to recondition. Oil and gas are used as source of energy, but the supply of those sources is getting fewer. In the future, we should try to use other sources of energy, such as energy of Sun, water, wind, bio energy

Legislative framework of National Program for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture 2021-2027

Vlada Republike Hrvatske je na sjednici održanoj 29. srpnja 2021. donijela Odluku o donošenju Nacionalnog programa očuvanja i održive uporabe biljnih genetskih izvora za hranu i poljoprivredu u Republici Hrvatskoj za razdoblje od 2021. do 2027. godine (»Narodne novine«, broj 86/21). Ovo je treće programsko razdoblje koje se u Republici Hrvatskoj u kontinuitetu odvija od 2013. godine. Cilj programa je promicanje očuvanja i održive uporabe biljnih genetskih izvora. Program se financira sredstvima iz Državnog proračuna i iz Mjere 10, podmjere 10.2. Programa ruralnog razvoja. Sudionici programa su do ovog programskog razdoblja bile većinom znanstvene institucije i u manjoj mjeri trgovačka društva koja se bave očuvanjem biljnih genetskih izvora. U ovom programskom razdoblju su u rad uključene i udruge, jer je jedan od ciljeva novog programskog razdoblja raditi na on farm očuvanju. Samo dugoročnim planiranjem i sudjelovanjem dionika različitih djelatnosti može se uspješno provesti ex situ i in situ očuvanje biljnih genetskih izvora.At its session held on 29 July 2021, The Government of the Republic of Croatia adopted the Decision on the adoption of the National Program for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture in the Republic of Croatia for the period 2021 to 2027 (OG 86/2021). This is the third programming period that has been running continuously in the Republic of Croatia since 2013. The aim of the National program is to promote conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources. The program is financed from the State Budget and from submeasure 10.2. Rural Development Program. In previous years, the participants in the program were mostly scientific institutions and companies dealing with the conservation of plant genetic resources. In this programming period, farmers associations are also involved in the work, because one of the goals of the new programming period is to work on on farm conservation. Only through long-term planning and participation of all relevant stakeholders in various activities ex situ and in situ conservation of plant genetic resources can be successfully implemented

Prvo gniježđenje štekavca Haliaeetus albicilla u Istri

Štekavac po prvi je puta zabilježen na gniježđenju u Istri, u dolini rijeke Mirne, 2022. godine. Ovaj par se nalazi na jugozapadnom rubu globalnog areala te vrste te ujedno predstavlja prvi recentni aktivni par u Mediteranskoj biogeografskoj regiji Hrvatske. Značajno za ovaj par je i opažanje njegovog plijena, nutrije, koja se u dolini Mirne smatra invazivnom vrstom bez prirodnog predatora te gniježđenje ovog para potencijalno ima pozitivan utjecaj u kontroli populacije ove invazivne vrste. Ovaj nalaz predstavlja značajan podatak za lokalnu, ali i nacionalnu ornitofaunu te je gniježenje štekavca u Istri potrebno detaljnije istražiti i pratiti