Beberapa Aspek Hukum dalam Perjanjian Ekstradisi Antara Indonesia dan Singapura

The extradition treaty between Indonesia which took such a long time contained several legal aspects such as retro-active principles, non-legality, non-change of citizenship, progressive and flexible principles according to the times. However, all legal aspects contained in the extradition treaty which are actually contrary to the law in general, are not necessarily able to return the corruptors who fled to Singapore for several reasons, namely: the agreement that follows the extradition treaty (defense agreement and FIR) is detrimental to Indonesia, the grace period has expired. 18 years is not enough because the corruptors carried out the corruption above 18 years ago, and the corruptors are estimated to have left Singapore and went to other countries that do not have an extradition treaty with Indonesia. Keywords: Extradition; International; Treaty

EKSTRADISI DAN BEBERAPA PERMASALAHANNYA

Extradition is the delivery of an accused or convicted individual who escape to abroad to avoid punishment or trial process. Extradition should be into force whether the two States have made the former treaty related to or based to reciprocity principle. Sometimes, Requested State refuses to surrender the accused person to the Requesting State for many reasons, for example Adrian Kiki who escaped to Australia, but Indonesia could not reach him, although the two States have made a treaty related to. But sometimes, without the treaty of extradition, a State, such as Columbia, surrendered M.Nazaruddin to Indonesia. So basicly, the execution of extradition treaty is uneffective, because it depends on to the good will of the Requested State to do it. 

PELAKSANAAN TANGGUNGJAWAB NEGARA TERHADAP PERUBAHAN IKLIM BERDASARKAN PERJANJIAN PARIS 2015

Various natural disasters occur due to climate change caused by human activities. The international community's awareness of overcoming climate problems has been proven by ratifying the Paris Agreement 2015. Based on the background conditions, the problem is about state responsibilities for climate change and the implementation of these responsibilities before and after the Paris Agreement 2015. The research method used is normative law with a legal approach and conceptual approach. The results obtained: there are several state responsibilities contained in the Paris Agreement 2015, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, carrying out environmental conservation, and avoiding losses from climate change. These can be done through mitigation and adaptation efforts, climate finance, development of technological mechanisms, international cooperation, and climate education. Although these responsibilities have been regulated but the implementation in countries has not been carried out optimally due to several obstacles, such as a lack of funding and technology skills. Keyword: Paris Agreement 2015, State Responsibility, Climate Change.Berbagai bencana alam terjadi dikarenakan perubahan iklim yang disebabkan oleh aktivitas manusia yang berlebihan. Kesadaran masyarakat internasional dalam mengatasi permasalahan iklim telah dibuktikan dengan disahkannya Perjanjian Paris 2015. Berdasarkan kondisi latar belakang diatas, rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu tanggungjawab negara terhadap perubahan iklim serta pelaksanaan tanggungjawab tersebut sebelum dan sesudah Perjanjian Paris 2015. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu hukum normatif dengan pendekatan undang-undang dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan yaitu, terdapat beberapa tanggungjawab negara yang terkandung dalam Perjanjian Paris antara lain tanggungjawab dalam menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca, tanggungjawab dalam melakukan konservasi lingkungan, dantanggungjawab dalam menghindari kerugian dari perubahan iklim. Dalam melaksanakan tanggungjawab tersebut terdapat beberapa cara yang dapat dilakukan seperti melalui upaya mitigasi dan adaptasi, pendanaan iklim, pengembangan mekanisme teknologi, kerjasama internasional, dan pendidikan iklim. Walaupun tanggungjawab tersebut sudah diatur, namun pelaksanaannya pada negara-negara belum dapat terlaksana secara maksimal dikarenakan beberapa kendala seperti kurangnya pasokan dana, dan kurangnya keterampilan terhadap teknologi. Kata kunci: Perjanjian Paris 2015, Tanggungjawab Negara, Perubahan Iklim

Tanggung Jawab Negara Pengirim Terhadap Penyalahgunaan Hak Kekebalan Oleh Pejabat Diplomatik

Pada tahun 2015 dan 2016, Sekretaris I Kedutaan Besar Korea Utara untuk Bangladesh, dipersona non grata setelah tertangkap menyelundupkan sejumlah barang yang sama sekali tidak ada hubungannya dengan pelaksanaan misi diplomatik di negara penerima. Penelitian ini berupaya menjabarkan bagaimana pengaturan tanggung jawab negara pengirim terhadap penyalahgunaan hak kekebalan oleh pejabat diplomatik berdasarkan hukum internasional. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan mengenai tanggung jawab negara pengirim terhadap penyalahgunaan hak kekebalan oleh pejabat diplomatik pada dasarnya telah diatur dalam hukum internasional, yaitu melalui Konvensi Wina 1961 tentang Hubungan Diplomatik, asas dan prinsip hukum umum pacta sunt servanda dan itikad baik

Increasing the Digital Literacy among Tourism Awareness Groups for Sustainable Tourism Village Development

Given the effects of digital transformation on the tourism industry, the trends and paradigms in tourism have changed considerably, necessitating some creativity in the management of tourist villages as tourist destinations. The knowledge about the digitalization of tourism can in fact, help promote popular travelling sites, with both patrons and business owners benefitting from better systems of communication, reservation, and guest service. However, the institutional operations and management of the tourism awareness group (pokdarwis) in the community have yet to be optimally effective due to some institutional and managerial issues. Some 21st-century digital skills are identified to be helpful for this pokdarwis in its management of tourist villages, namely technical knowledge, information, communication, collaboration, creativity, and implementation of the Electronic Information and Transaction (ITE) Law. To support this effort, this community service activity (PKM) was carried out for 27 participants, who were all pokdarwis administrators, from May to October 2022, using a CBT approach. The results of the PKM activity indicate an increasing understanding that the ITE Law can provide a broad legal framework for online activities. There is also increasing awareness of social media as a communication medium that can facilitate online communication, exchange, and information access for the public, regardless of time or location. Of many social media platforms, YouTube and Instagram have become the options for publishing tourism information in Surau Village. It is nonetheless agreed that social media should be used with caution to avoid accusations of spreading false information and to ensure an effective implementation of the promotion activities. Considering this, mentoring in the use of social media in the marketing efforts will still be provided in the form of consultation, learning, and counseling

Tanggung Jawab Negara Terhadap Kegiatan Agen Diplomatik Di Luar Misi Diplomatik Berdasarkan Hukum Internasional

States send their representatives to other states for diplomacy, these state’s representatives are referred to in Diplomatic Law as 'diplomatic agents'. According to Article 3 of the 1961 Vienna Convention, a diplomatic agent has a diplomatic mission in the form of: representing the government of the sending state; protecting their citizens where they accredited; promoting their country; negotiating; and reporting all tasks that have been done to the government of their state. However, in practice, it is not uncommon for diplomatic agents to carry out activities outside of diplomatic missions. This study analyzes the state's responsibility to diplomatic agents who carry out missions outside of diplomatic missions based on International Law and the legal implications for diplomatic agents who carry out missions outside of diplomatic missions. The research method used normative legal research with statutory, case, and doctrinal approaches. Responsibility can be done as long as there are objections from the state that impact some disadvantaged. Consider the diplomatic law based on an agreement between the two states that establish diplomatic relations.Negara saling mengirimkan wakilnya ke negara lain untuk berdiplomasi, wakil negara tersebut disebut dalam Hukum Diplomatik sebagai ‘agen diplomatik’. Menurut Pasal 3 Konvensi Wina 1961, agen diplomatik memiliki misi diplomatik berupa: merepresentasikan pemerintah negara pengirimnya; melindungi warga negaranya ditempat ia diakreditasikan; mempromosikan negaranya; bernegosiasi; dan melaporkan semua tugas yang sudah dikerjakan kepada pemerintah negara asalnya. Namun, dalam praktiknya tak jarang terdapat agen diplomatik yang melakukan kegiatan di luar misi diplomatik. Studi ini menganalisis pertanggungjawaban negara terhadap agen diplomatik yang melakukan misi di luar tugas diplomatik berdasarkan Hukum Internasional dan implikasi hukum terhadap agen diplomatik yang melakukan misi di luar tugas diplomatik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan jenis pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan kasus dan pendekatan doktrinal. Tanggung jawab dari negara pengirim agen diplomatik yang melanggar ketentuan Konvensi Wina 1961 terhadap negara penerima hanya dapat dilakukan sepanjang adanya keberatan dari negara tersebut karena merasa dirugikan. Hal ini disebabkan hukum diplomatik adalah hukum yang didasarkan oleh kesepakatan antara kedua belah negara yang menjalin hubungan diplomatik

PENGGUNAAN KEKUATAN MILITER OLEH RUSIA TERHADAP UKRAINA BERDASARKAN HUKUM INTERNASIONAL

Conflict has existed since the beginning of the creation of human civilization. The state as a subject of international law cannot be separated from conflict. Russia's use of military force against Ukraine is an example of conflict between states. The UN Charter prohibits a country from using its power against other countries and can use its power only for self-defense, and self-defense only occurs when an armed attack has occurred on its territory. The war between Russia and Ukraine was governed by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, the Geneva Convention of 1949 and Additional Protocols I and II of 1977. All of these agreements basically dictated that all countries live in peace with each other and protect each other, but the instruments international law is still unable to prevent Russia from using military force against Ukraine. This study analyzes international legal arrangements related to the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and legal responsibility for the resulting conflict. The research method used is normative legal research and conceptual thinking. The results of the study show that the use of military force by Russia is illegal and contrary to existing international legal arrangements and a law enforcement mechanism is needed, namely the ad hoc International Court of Justice for the crime of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Keyword: International Law; Military Power; Self-Defense.Konflik telah ada sejak awal terciptanya peradaban manusia. Negara sebagai subyek hukum internasional tidak lepas dari yang namanya konflik. Penggunaan kekuatan militer Rusia terhadap Ukraina adalah contoh konflik antar negara. Piagam PBB melarang suatu negara untuk menggunakan kekuatannya terhadap negara lain dan dapat menggunakan kekuatannya hanya untuk membela diri, dan pembelaan diri hanya terjadi ketika serangan bersenjata telah terjadi di wilayahnya. Perang antara Rusia dan Ukraina diatur oleh Konvensi Den Haag tahun 1899 dan 1907, Konvensi Jenewa tahun 1949 dan Protokol Tambahan I dan II tahun 1977. Semua perjanjian tersebut pada dasarnya mendikte agar semua negara hidup damai satu sama lain dan saling melindungi setiap negara, tetapi instrumen hukum internasional yang masih belum dapat mencegah Rusia menggunakan kekuatan militer terhadap Ukraina. Studi ini menganalisis pengaturan hukum internasional terkait dengan konflik militer antara Rusia dan Ukraina dan tanggung jawab hukum atas konflik yang diakibatkannya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dan pemikiran konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan kekuatan militer oleh Rusia merupakan Tindakan ilegal dan bertentangan dengan pengaturan hukum internasional yang ada dan diperlukan mekanisme penegakan hukum yaitu Pengadilan Internasional ad hoc atas kejahatan invasi Rusia terhadap Ukraina. Kata kunci: Hukum Internasional; Kekuatan Militer, Pertahanan Diri.

Penerapan Hak Imunitas Anggota Keluarga Perwakilan Diplomatik Berdasarkan Konvensi Wina 1961

Immunity right of family members of diplomatic agent is required to help diplomats carry out their missions. However, they are frequently have engaged in activities that are contrary to the purpose of these rights. This study aims to examine the regulation of immunity right and privileges of family members of diplomat based on the 1961 Vienna Convention and its application based on cases of violations of its right. The normative legal method was used in this research, along with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The research found that the immunity right possessed by diplomat’s family is the right of immunity against exclusion and arrest, private residence and correspondence, the criminal jurisdiction of the receiving country, freedom of dues and taxes, freedom of customs, taxes and related levies items related to the scrapping mission. People who can enjoy these rights are spouses, any minor children or unmarried children who live with the members of the mission/diplomat. The application of this right and privileges can be enforced if it fulfills several conditions namely the person is part of the household and lives with a diplomat, respects the laws and regulations of the receiving state,  and carrying out a diplomatic mission or function.Pemberian hak imunitas pada anggota keluarga perwakilan diplomatik diperlukan untuk mempermudah diplomat dalam menjalankan misi diplomatiknya. Namun faktanya, anggota keluarga perwakilan diplomatik sering melakukan tindakan yang tidak sesuai dengan tujuan dari pemberian hak-hak tersebut. Berdasarkan kondisi latar belakang tersebut, rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu mengenai pengaturan hak imunitas dan keistimewaan diplomatik anggota keluarga perwakilan diplomatik berdasarkan Konvensi Wina 1961 dan penerapannya berdasarkan kasus-kasus pelanggaran hak imunitas tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan undang-undang, konseptual dan kasus. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan yaitu hak imunitas yang dimiliki oleh anggota keluarga perwakilan diplomaik adalah hak imunitas terhadap penahanan dan penangkapan, terhadap kediaman pribadi dan korespondensi, terhadap yurisdiksi kriminal negara penerima, kebebasan atas iuran dan pajak, kebebasan atas bea cukai, pajak, dan pungutan terkait barang yang berkaitan dengan misi diplomatik. Orang yang dapat menikmati hak imunitas dan keistimewaan diplomatik tersebut adalah pasangan, setiap anak kecil atau anak yang belum menikah yang tinggal bersama anggota misi / diplomat tersebut. Penerapan hak imunitas dan keistimewaan diplomatik ini dapat diberlakukan apabila memenuhi beberapa hal yaitu orang tersebut merupakan bagian dari rumah tangga dan tinggal bersama seorang pejabat diplomatik, menghormati hukum di negara penerima dan sedang menjalankan misi atau fungsi diplomati

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP MASYARAKAT DI SEKITAR KEGIATAN USAHA PT PERTAMINA GEOTHERMAL ENERGY (PT PGE) HULU LAIS DI KABUPATEN LEBONG DITINJAU DARI ASPEK HUKUM LINGKUNGAN

People in several villages in the Lebong Tengah and South Lebong sub-districts of Lebong Regency have recently been anxious because of the landslide in Bukit Beliti which is the site of PT PGE's Hulu Lais cluster A. Landslides resulted in the death of 6 people and other material losses in the form of sinking fish ponds, rice fields and community gardens until crop failure. In addition, the source of drinking water for residents (PDAMs) in the two villages is also polluted, black, foamy and smelly. In the drilling process, PT PGE's machines also issued a loud sound, making the ground vibrate and emitting hot and white steam which caused the surrounding air to become hot. As a result, a number of plants in the surrounding gardens become dry and charred. Finally, in the drilling process PT PGE Hulu Lais also drained water from the Mubai river, so that the river water discharge drastically reduced. As a result, residents who have relied on river water for washing, bathing, irrigating rice fields and fish ponds, must find other water sources. For a civil settlement, PT PGE Hulu Lais has handed over a number of compensation to residents both to residents whose families died and residents whose fields or gardens were submerged in mud. Similarly, the Administration of the Environment Agency (DLH) has given several warnings to PT PGE. However, enforcement of environmental law from the aspect of criminal law has not been implemented due to the absence of PPNS staff in the Administration of the Environment Agency (DLH)