1,564 research outputs found
The effect of high school rank in English and math on college major choice. ESRI Working Paper No. 650 January 2020
Using unique data on preference rankings for all high school students who apply for college in Ireland, we investigate
whether, conditional on absolute achievement, within school-cohort rank in English and math affects choice of college major. We
find that higher rank in math increases the likelihood of choosing STEM and decreases the likelihood of choosing Arts and Social
Sciences. Similarly, a higher rank in English leads to an increase in the probability of choosing Arts and Social Sciences and decreases
the probability of choosing STEM. The rank effects are substantial, being about one third as large as the effects of absolute
performance in math and English. We identify subject choice in school as an important mediator – students who rank high in math
are more likely to choose STEM subjects in school and this can partly explain their subsequent higher likelihood of choosing STEM for
college. We also find that English and math rank have significant explanatory power for the gender gap in the choice of STEM as a
college major--they can explain about 36% as much as absolute performance in English and math. Overall, the tendency for girls to
be higher ranked in English and lower ranked in math within school-cohorts can explain about 6% of the STEM gender gap in mixedsex
schools and about 16% of the difference in the STEM gender gap between mixedsex schools and same-sex schools. Notably,
these effects occur even though within-school rank plays no role whatsoever in college admissions decisions
THE PREVALENCE AND EFFECT ON HOURS WORKED OF THE MINIMUM WAGE IN IRELAND. Research Series Number 93, December 2019 A SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS
This study examines the extent to which the profile of minimum wage (MW)
employees, and the impacts of the 2018 increase in the national minimum wage rate,
varies by sector and region in Ireland. The research highlights variations in the
importance of MW employment across regions and sectors. It also highlights the
potential importance of considering regional and sectoral issues in any process used
to determine the appropriate MW rate
Choosing differently? College application behaviour and the persistence of educational advantage. ESRI Working Paper 666 June 2020.
We use administrative data from Ireland to study differences in college application behaviour between students from disadvantaged versus advantaged high schools. Ireland provides an interesting laboratory for this analysis as applicants provide a preference-ordering of college programs (majors) and marginal applications are costless. Also, college admission depends almost completely on grades in the terminal high school examinations. Thus, we can compare the application choices of students who have equal chances of admission to college programs. Conditional on achievement and college opportunities, we find that students from advantaged high schools are more likely to apply to universities and to more selective college programs. They are also more likely to have preferences that cluster by program selectivity rather than by field of study. Our results suggest that, alongside differences in achievement, differences in college application behaviour also cause persons from advantaged high schools to be more likely to enrol in selective colleges and enter more selective programs. Importantly, we find that enrollment gaps for equally qualified applicants are smaller than differences in application behaviour; the relatively meritocratic centralized admissions system based on achievement undoes much of the effect of the differences in application behaviour
Gender Differences in College Applications: Aspiration and Risk Management
We study gender differences in decision-making strategy when applying for college using applications data for all college applicants in Ireland over the 2015-17 period. Detailed information on high school subjects and grades enable us to examine how the college choices of equally achieving students differ by gender. We find that female students better balance the opportunity to aim for highly selective programmes with their top choices while also listing programmes with lower entry requirements so as to reduce their risk of not being admitted to any programme. We also find that females favour field of study over institution with their top 3 choices being more likely to cluster on field of study and less likely to be for a particular college. When we investigate how effects differ across the achievement distribution, we find that gender differences in risk management are concentrated amongst high achieving students
How Gender and Prior Disadvantage Predict Performance in College
Much research has shown that having a better class of degree has significant payoff in the labour market. Using administrative data from Ireland, we explore the performance in college of different types of students. We find that post-primary school achievement is an important predictor: Its relationship with college performance is concave for college completion, approximately linear for the probability of obtaining at least second class honours, upper division, and convex for the probability of obtaining a first class honours degree. We find that females do better in college than males, even after we account for their greater prior achievement, and this is true in both non-STEM and STEM fields. Disabled students, students from disadvantaged schools, and students who qualify for means-tested financial aid are less likely to complete and less likely to obtain first class honours or a 2.1 degree. However, once we control for post-primary school achievement, these students actually perform better in college than others. We also find that, conditional on prior achievement, students from private exam-oriented “grind” schools and from Irish-medium schools are less likely to finish a degree and less likely to perform well in college, possibly because their school exam results are high relative to their abilities. Our results suggest that current college policies that lower entry requirements for disabled students and students from disadvantaged backgrounds may be justified on efficiency as well as equity grounds. They also suggest that college performance might be improved by increasing entry requirements for students who come from school types that convey advantages in the post-primary exams that determine college entry
How gender and prior disadvantage predict performance in college. ESRI Working Paper 667 June 2020.
Much research has shown that having a better class of degree has a significant payoff in the labour market. Using administrative data from Ireland, we explore the performance in college of different types of students. We find that post-primary school achievement is an important predictor: Its relationship with college performance is concave for college completion, approximately linear for the probability of obtaining at least second class honours, upper-division, and convex for the probability of obtaining a first-class honours degree. We find that females do better in college than males, even after we account for their greater prior achievement, and this is true in both non-STEM and STEM fields. Disabled students, students from disadvantaged schools, and students who qualify for means-tested financial aid are less likely to complete and less likely to obtain first-class honours or a 2.1 degree. However, once we control for post-primary school achievement, these students actually perform better in college than others. We also find that, conditional on prior achievement, students from private exam-oriented “grind” schools and from Irish-medium schools are less likely to finish a degree and less likely to perform well in college, possibly because their school exam results are high relative to their abilities. Our results suggest that current college policies that lower entry requirements for disabled students and students from disadvantaged backgrounds may be justified on efficiency as well as equity grounds. They also suggest that college performance might be improved by increasing entry requirements for students who come from school types that convey advantages in the post-primary exams that determine college entry
Immunosuppressive drug interactions and resistance in mononuclear cells from renal transplant patients
Existing anti-rejection drug regimes are inadequate since patients receive drugs despite
serious side effects and poor response. New drugs are being developed
which ultimately may allow for prescribing of rational, patient-specific
immunosuppressive drug protocols. During this thesis the investigation of
lymphocyte responses from renal transplant recipients to the immunosuppressant
drugs Cyclosporin A (Cy A), FK506 and SDZ RAD were explored to understand
the variation in sensitivity of lymphocytes to Cy A and FK506, the development of
drug resistance, including resistance mechanisms, and the interactions between
FK506 and SDZ RAD.
Cy A and FK506 are substrates for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the product of the
multidrug-resistance (MDR1) gene in man. A hypothesis established during this
thesis was that P-gp dependent mechanisms explain variations in lymphocyte
sensitivities to Cy A and FK50.
Lymphocytes from renal transplant recipients were assessed for their sensitivity to
Cy A and FK506 and subsequently for P-gp expression and functional activity by
flow cytometry. In further lymphocyte cultures the effect of the specific P-gp
inhibitor, PSC 833 on sensitivity was investigated. Finally, the effects of the
combination of FK506 and SDZ RAD in lymphocyte cultures were analysed.
Results demonstrate a wide range in lymphocyte sensitivity to both Cy A and
FK506, with the development of selective resistance to the drug used for
treatment. All patients demonstrated P-gp functional activity but P-gp expression
was not demonstrable. P-gp function did not account for the variation in
lymphocyte sensitivity. There was no evidence of antagonism of effect of SDZ
RAD in combination with FK506.
In conclusion, these results suggest that non-P-gp mechanisms account for
variations in lymphocyte sensitivity to Cy A and FK506. Combination therapy
with SDZ RAD and FK506 is unlikely to be antagonistic in future treatment
protocols
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