Debra L. DeLaet on War Crimes and Genocide

A review of: Why Not Kill Them All? The Logic and Prevention of Mass Political Murder by Daniel Chirot and Clark McCauley. Princeton University Press, 2006. 288 pp. and The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda by Scott Straus. Cornell University Press, 2006. 273 pp. and The Witnesses: War Crimes and the Promise of Justice in the Hague by Eric Stover. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. 252 pp

After Evil: A Politics of Human Rights - Robert Meister

In After Evil: A Politics of Human Rights, Robert Meister puts forth an original, subtle, and provocative critique of mainstream human rights discourse in contemporary global politics. He describes this discourse, which he capitalizes as Human Rights Discourse throughout the text, as “… a new discourse of global power that claims to supersede the cruelties perpetrated by both revolutionaries and counterrevolutionaries during the previous two centuries” (3). Meister argues that this discourse creates a false temporal divide between historical periods of “evil” in which gross violations of human rights are committed and post-conflict periods of justice during which parties are presumed to move beyond evil through various mechanisms of transitional justice

Debra L. DeLaet on Health and Human Rights: Basic International Documents, 2d Edition, edited by Stephen P. Marks. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Published by Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights; Distributed by Harvard University Press, 2006. 392pp.

A review of: Health and Human Rights: Basic International Documents, 2d Edition, edited by Stephen P. Marks. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Published by Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights; Distributed by Harvard University Press, 2006. 392pp

Debra L. DeLaet on Understanding Human Rights: An Exercise Book by Elisabeth Reichert. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2006. 271pp.

A review of: Understanding Human Rights: An Exercise Book by Elisabeth Reichert. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2006. 271pp

Making Human Rights a Reality

Emilie Hafner-Burton’s Making Human Rights a Reality offers an accessible and informed analysis of the significant gap between the normative universalism of international human rights law and its limited effects in practice. The book’s primary purpose is to offer a pragmatic, strategic alternative to global legalism for promoting the progressive realization of fundamental human rights. In Hafner-Burton’s view, the cause of human rights promotion would be better-served by relying on states with strong human rights records (both in terms of respecting rights at home and commitment to promoting them abroad) to use foreign policy as a tool for changing the incentive structures in other countries in ways that enhance human rights protection in these countries. Her goal is to change the “calculus of abuse” (4) in contexts where real and meaningful change is possible

Discursive silence as a global response to sexual violence: from title IX to truth commissions

A pattern of personal and political silence in response to sexual violence is evident across societies, despite significant cultural, political, and social differences. Drawing on Foucault’s concept of discourse as a tool that can shed light on the hidden workings of historically contingent social systems that produce forms of knowledge and meaning, we argue that the logics that are built into laws governing national responses to sexual violence draw attention to the ways that these logics structure social relations between sexual violence survivors and society, masking some experiences and bringing others to light. Following Marianne Constable’s analysis of silence and the limits and possibilities of modern law, the manuscript explores the ways in which strategies of silence in the face of sexual violence might lead to novel approaches for pursuing justice for survivors outside of positivist legal frameworks. We also draw on critical feminist perspectives directing legal scholars to pay careful attention to non-legal discourses in developing analyses and responses to sexual violence. The manuscript develops its central arguments through an examination of two dramatically different cases: (a) Title IX as a mechanism for responding to sexual violence on college campuses in the United States; and (b) the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s efforts to pursue transitional justice vis-à-vis gender and sexual violence in post-apartheid South Africa

Promoting Human Rights through the Professions (abstract)

This paper examines the ways in which professionals in a range of fields—the health professions, education, journalism, and law to name just a few—have the capacity to engage in critical work in the promotion of human rights. Whereas the scholarly study of human rights focuses largely on formal law and governance processes, this paper explores how strategies for promoting human rights might be integrated into the everyday work lives of professionals. Our focus on this everyday lever for human rights promotion seeks to broaden the vision of what constitutes human rights and justice work by exploring the capacities of actors that are not formally part of the international human rights regime. We will focus especially on health professionals as potential advocates for human rights. To this end, our paper will include case studies of Dr. Holly Atkinson’s work with Physicians for Human Rights and her work as Director of the Human Rights Program at Mount Sinai Medical Center, which trains future physicians to do basic human rights work. We also consider the role of professional associations, particularly national medical associations, as potential vehicles for advancing fundamental human rights through the setting of professional standards, norm diffusion, and lobbying

Rehearsal: A Configuration Verification Tool for Puppet

Large-scale data centers and cloud computing have turned system configuration into a challenging problem. Several widely-publicized outages have been blamed not on software bugs, but on configuration bugs. To cope, thousands of organizations use system configuration languages to manage their computing infrastructure. Of these, Puppet is the most widely used with thousands of paying customers and many more open-source users. The heart of Puppet is a domain-specific language that describes the state of a system. Puppet already performs some basic static checks, but they only prevent a narrow range of errors. Furthermore, testing is ineffective because many errors are only triggered under specific machine states that are difficult to predict and reproduce. With several examples, we show that a key problem with Puppet is that configurations can be non-deterministic. This paper presents Rehearsal, a verification tool for Puppet configurations. Rehearsal implements a sound, complete, and scalable determinacy analysis for Puppet. To develop it, we (1) present a formal semantics for Puppet, (2) use several analyses to shrink our models to a tractable size, and (3) frame determinism-checking as decidable formulas for an SMT solver. Rehearsal then leverages the determinacy analysis to check other important properties, such as idempotency. Finally, we apply Rehearsal to several real-world Puppet configurations.Comment: In proceedings of ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI) 201