Avances en ecotoxicología marina: comparación entre tests de laboratorio y estudios in situ para la evaluación de la calidad ambiental de los sedimentos

Ecotoxicology is concerned with describing and predicting the behaviour of substances in the environment and the response of biological systems, and ultimately with assessing the risks associated with emissions. These assessments are complicated from a basic-science point of view and they should be carried out by using integrative assessments. Contaminated sediments are a significant regulatory issue with important science implications. Determining the impact of contaminated sediments is a key element in environmental risk assessment and management of water resources. Tests for ecotoxicology assessment in sediments may be conducted either in the laboratory or field. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages. Data from different studies performed in laboratory conditions and in field assessments are compared here. The principal advantages of sediment toxicity tests in the laboratory are the possibility to standardize methodologies and to provide direct evidence of sediments as causative agents of toxicity; however, the results are difficult to extrapolate to the field. The results obtained here show the importance of the end point selected in each test and the variability of the responses. Therefore, the results highlight the necessity and importance of the battery-of-tests approach for toxicity assessment. On the other hand, field sediment toxicity has the advantage of empirical evidence and strong correlative indication of the contaminants responsible for toxicity; however, the results obtained from these tests are highly affected by casualty, so it is not possible to isolate a single causative factor. When structural macrofaunal parameters are incorporated into field tests, the results are even more difficult to interpret, because their parameters can be mainly related to organic enrichment or another kind of natural stress, such as salinity gradient, tidal stress conditions, etc.La ecotoxicología es la ciencia que describe y predice el comportamiento de las sustancias en el medio ambiente y las respuestas biológicas del sistema para así, finalmente, evaluar el riesgo asociado con estas emisiones. Estas evaluaciones son difíciles de realizar desde el punto de vista científico y deberían ser elaboradas mediante métodos integrados. Los sedimentos se contemplan, desde el punto de vista científico, como un componente clave en el ecosistema para la evaluación de la calidad ambiental. Los tests de toxicidad de los sedimentos se pueden llevar a cabo tanto en el laboratorio como en el medio teniendo ambos ventajas y desventajas. En este trabajo se comparan los datos obtenidos de distintos experimentos realizados en el laboratorio y un estudio elaborado en el campo. Las principales ventajas de los tests que se han llevado a cabo en el laboratorio fueron la posibilidad de estandarizar la metodología y la evidencia directa que se obtiene de que el sedimento contaminado es el causante de la respuesta biológica; sin embargo, estos resultados son difíciles de extrapolar a la naturaleza. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio muestran también la importancia de la variable seleccionada en cada test así como la variabilidad en sus respuestas. Por lo tanto, los resultados resaltan la necesidad y la importancia de la utilización de una batería de tests para la evaluación de la toxicidad. Por otra parte, los estudios realizados in situ tienen la ventaja de la evidencia empírica y la fuerte indicación entre la correlación de la toxicidad y los resultados obtenidos; sin embargo, estos resultados están muy afectados por el azar, lo que imposibilita aislar un único factor causante de la respuesta biológica. Los resultados son incluso más difíciles de interpretar cuando se realizan índices estructurales de la macrofauna porque éstos pueden estar más relacionados con el contenido en materia orgánica u otra causa de estrés natural, como puede ser un gradiente de salinidad producido por la marea, etc.Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología (CICYT) de España. AMB94-029

TAXOMETRICS CLASSIFICATION (HIERARCHICAL AND ORDINATION) OF AQUATIC AND SEMI-AQUATIC MOSSES: A PRELIMINARY MODEL TO BRYODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT

Bryodiversity is naturally serving the ecosystems sustainably. It serves the environments by preventing natural disaster (flooding), maintaining the quality of the water body and filter or treats the pollutants naturally. Efficient bryodiversity management is needed for environmental cost cutting and have a cost-effective management strategy. To achieve this, cluster and principal component analyses (PCA) were manipulated to produce the linkage distance between the OTUs and identify the important groups of characters, respectively. In return, it becomes a guideline for bryoflora and environmental managements. In this study, 23 OTUs and 156 characters were analyzed. The output from the reliability and item analysis showed that the data set is highly reliable (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.9627). From the cluster analysis, it showed that 5 clustered groups (manageable units) could be derived from the produced phenogram. This is based on the nearest neighbour amalgation rule and Euclidean distances. As for the principal component analysis, three factors were derived and explained 75.1064% of the variation with 56.0485%(PC1), 11.7346%(PC2) and 7.3233%(PC3), respectively. The ordination showed that 5 manageable units were derived from PC1 and 3 manageable units for PC2 and PC3, respectively. In conclusion, conservation should precede any biodiversity management plans.   Keywords: aquatic mosses, semi-aquatic mosses, cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), classification Â

Estuarine ecological risk based on hepatic histopathological indices from laboratory and in situ tested fish

Juvenile Senegalese soles were exposed through 28-day laboratory and field (in situ) bioassays to sediments from three sites of the Sado estuary (W Portugal): a reference and two contaminated by metallic and organic contaminants. Fish were surveyed for ten hepatic histopathological alterations divided by four distinct reaction patterns and integrated through the estimation of individual histopathological condition indices. Fish exposed to contaminated sediments sustained more damage, with especial respect to regressive changes like necrosis. However, differences were observed between laboratory- and fieldexposed animals, with the latest, for instance, exhibiting more pronounced fatty degeneration and hepatocellular eosinophilic alteration. Also, some lesions in fish exposed to the reference sediment indicate that in both assays unaccounted variables produced experimental background noise, such as hyaline degeneration in laboratory-exposed fish. Still, the field assays yielded results that were found to better reflect the overall levels of contaminants and physico-chemical characteristics of the tested sediments.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Purification and Characterization of meta-Cresol Purple for Spectrophotometric Seawater pH Measurements

Spectrophotometric procedures allow rapid and precise measurements of the pH of natural waters. However, impurities in the acid–base indicators used in these analyses can significantly affect measurement accuracy. This work describes HPLC procedures for purifying one such indicator, meta-cresol purple (mCP), and reports mCP physical–chemical characteristics (thermodynamic equilibrium constants and visible-light absorbances) over a range of temperature (T) and salinity (S). Using pure mCP, seawater pH on the total hydrogen ion concentration scale (pHT) can be expressed in terms of measured mCP absorbance ratios (R = λ2A/λ1A) as follows:where −log(K2Te2) = a + (b/T) + c ln T – dT; a = −246.64209 + 0.315971S + 2.8855 × 10–4S2; b = 7229.23864 – 7.098137S – 0.057034S2; c = 44.493382 – 0.052711S; d = 0.0781344; and mCP molar absorbance ratios (ei) are expressed as e1 = −0.007762 + 4.5174 × 10–5T and e3/e2 = −0.020813 + 2.60262 × 10–4T + 1.0436 × 10–4 (S – 35). The mCP absorbances, λ1A and λ2A, used to calculate R are measured at wavelengths (λ) of 434 and 578 nm. This characterization is appropriate for 278.15 ≤ T ≤ 308.15 and 20 ≤ S ≤ 40

Sublittoral soft bottom communities and diversity of Mejillones Bay in northern Chile (Humboldt Current upwelling system)

The macrozoobenthos of Mejillones Bay (23°S; Humboldt Current) was quantitatively investigated over a 7-year period from austral summer 1995/1996 to winter 2002. About 78 van Veen grab samples taken at six stations (5, 10, 20 m depth) provided the basis for the analysis of the distribution of 60 species and 28 families of benthic invertebrates, as well as of their abundance and biomass. Mean abundance (2,119 individuals m-2) was in the same order compared to a previous investigation; mean biomass (966 g formalin wet mass m-2), however, exceeded prior estimations mainly due to the dominance of the bivalve Aulacomya ater. About 43% of the taxa inhabited the complete depth range. Mean taxonomic Shannon diversity (H', Log e) was 1.54 ± 0.58 with a maximum at 20 m (1.95 ± 0.33); evenness increased with depth. The fauna was numerically dominated by carnivorous gastropods, polychaetes and crustaceans (48%). About 15% of the species were suspensivorous, 13% sedimentivorous, 11% detritivorous, 7% omnivorous and 6% herbivorous. Cluster analyses showed a significant difference between the shallow and the deeper stations. Gammarid amphipods and the polychaete family Nephtyidae characterized the 5-mzone, the molluscs Aulacomya ater, Mitrella unifasciata and gammarids the intermediate zone, while the gastropod Nassarius gayi and the polychaete family Nereidae were most prominent at the deeper stations. The communities of the three depth zones did not appear to be limited by hypoxia during non-El Niño conditions. Therefore, no typical change in community structure occurred during El Niño 1997–1998, in contrast to what was observed for deeper faunal assemblages and hypoxic bays elsewhere in the coastal Humboldt Current system

A chemical speciation technique to predict toxicity in coastal sediments

In this work sediment samples collected from a coastal lagoon (Italy), were tested with a new Microtox\uae assay designed for solid samples, the Basic Solid Phase Test (Basic SPT). According to this method, bacteria are exposed to sediment suspension dilutions and light production is directly measured on suspended sediments without any further manipulation. The purpose of the experiments here described was to evaluate the performance of the Microtox\uae Basic SPT taking into account the colour and turbidity of the sample during the whole measurement. Firstly, bacteria are dispensed into the sediment sample dilutions, and the maximum signal received immediately after dispensing (I0) is compared to the signal after 5, 15 and 30 minute contact times (I5, I15, and I30 respectively). Secondly, absorbance of sediment samples was spectrophotometrically measured in triplicates at 490 nm, and EC50 values were corrected according to the manufacturer. EC50 data obtained with the two correction procedures compared to those of the standard Microtox Basic SPT test suggest that sample colour affects the results at high EC50 values; however this effect is generally negligible at low EC50 values